$76 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1962]
1961 SIVAYOGESWARA COTTON PRESS, September 37. DEVANGERE AND OTHERS a“
= v, M. PANCHAKSHARAPPA AND ANOTHER
(B. P. Soxua, C. J., P. B. GasexpraGabkaR and RaGutswar Daya, JJ.)
Lease—Construction—Leasce. taking lease of agricallural land for building purposes—Terms, if create @ permanent lenancy.
The materia] terms of the lease in controversy provided that for the first 20 years the lessee was to pay a fixed rent of > Rs. 350/- every year in advance and if he removed lus factory within that period he would still have to pay the said rent for the twenty years retaining his right to possession; that thereafter he would be free to continue the lease as long as he + liked subject to the payment of the annual rent of Rs. 400;for the first 10 years and thereafter of Rs. 500/- per year, with the right to terminate the lease at any time and the lessor would not have the right to call upon him to give up possession at any time as Jong as he wanted to keep the land for his purposes observing the terms of the agreement; that the lessee would Ibe entitled to raise buildings, godowns, factories, bunglows or any other structures as he desired; that the lessor would pay the annual Jand assessment to the Government and the lessee would pay any fines and taxes imposed by _ the Government for using agricultural Jand for building purposes; that the lessee would be free to sublet or re-let without affecting the terms and conditions of the lease and that the heirs, executors, administrators, successors and assigns of the lessee as much as those of the lessee would remain bound by the lease.
Sd
After more than twenty years had elapsed since the lease, which was a registered one, had been executed between the. predecessors in-interest of the parties, the respondent who succeeded to the original lessor’s title, brought the sult, out of which the present appeal arose, for cjectment of the assignee of the lessce’s interest on the ground that the lease createda tenancy at willand stood determined on service of notice to quit.
The trial court and the court of first appeal found in favour of the respondent and decreed the suit. The High Court in second appeal confirmed the decree but relying on a decision¥ ~~! of the Bombay High Court in Bavasaheb vy. West Patent Co, Lid. I.L.R. (1954) Bom 448, held that after the lapse of the twenty years the lease was one for an indefinite period and could enure only during the lifetime of the lessee and such assignees as had been accepted by the original lessor and since the present assignee was not one of them he acquired no right under the lease.
Held, that the lease, read as whole and properly construed, created a permanent tenancy and not a tenancy at will or one for an indefinite period valid only during the life of the lessee.
It was not correct to say that the stipulation granting the lessee the right to surrender the lease at any time after the first twenty years gave to the lessor, in the absence of such a provision in the lease itself, the right to call upon the lessee to at quit any time or that the stipulation was inconsistent with a permanent tenancy. The presumption attaching to a lease for building purposes for no fixed period, therefore, was not weakened in the instant case.
Janaki Nath Roy v. Dina Nath Kundu, (1931) 35 C.W.N, 982 and Baboo Lekhraj Roy v. Kunhya Singh, (1877) L.R, 4 1A, 233, referred to.
Babasaheb v. West Patent Co., Lid., 1.L.R. 1954 Bom, 448, distinguished,
Navalram v. Javerilal, (1905) 7 Bom. L.R. 401, Promady Nath Roy v. Srigobind Chowdhry, (1905) I.L.R. 32 Cal. 648, Forbes v. Hanuman Bhagat, (1923) I.L.R. 2 Pat. 452 and Commissioner of Income-tax vy. Maharajadhiraj Kumar Visheshwar Singh, (1939) I.L.R. 18 Pat. 805, discussed.
Held, further, that it is always open to a lessee of any discription to surrender his lease-hold interest to the lessor by mutual consent, It is not necessary in law that there should be such consent at the time when the surrender is made.
Since in the instant case, the surrender after the lapse of twenty years had in terms been agreed to by the parties and that stipulation was for the benefit of the lessee, it could not be construed as in derogation of his right to a permanent tenancy.
CiviL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 324 of 61.
Appeal by special leave from the judgment and decree dated December 23, 1960, of the Mysore High Court in Second Appeal No. 61 of 1954.
C.K. Daphiary, Solicitor-General of India, J. B. Dadachanji, Ravinder Narain and O. C. Mathur, for the appellants.
R. Ganapathy Iyer and G. Gopalakrishnan, for the respondent No. 1.
Stvayogeswara Cotton Press, Devangere
¥. M, Panchaksharappa
Y. M. Panchaksharappa Sinha C.7o
878 SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1963}
1961. September 27. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
Sinua, C. J.—This appeal by special leave granted by this Court on April 20, 1961, is directed against the concurrent decisions of the courts below decreeing the plaintiff's suit for ejectmont on the ground that the defendant is a tenant at will and negativing the appellants’ claim to a permanent tenancy. The controversy between the partios depends upon the truo construction of the leaso dated October 26, 1914, executed between the predeccssors-in-inierest of the parties to the present litigation.
The facta Jeading upto this appeal are as follows:—
One N. J. Gamodia of Bombay took on lease a piece of agricultural land measuring about 4 1/2 acres belonging to one Gurupadappa of Devangcere City for the purpose of erecting a Ginning and Pressinz Cotton Factory. The terms of the registered lease deod dated October 26, 1914, in so far as they are material for the determination of this appeal are better stated inthe relevant portions of the deed itself:—
“1, For the lst period of 20 (twenty) years commencing from the Ist October, 1914, and ending on the 30th day of September, 1934, you shall pay to mo Rs. 350/- (three hundred and fifty) rupees being the annual rent reserved every year in advance and obtain proper receipts of the payment from me. if before the expiration of the said period of 20 (twenty) years you will remove your factory from the said land hereby leased you are bound to pay me annually the ront of Rs. 350/- (three hundred and fifty rupoes) for the (torn) 20 (twenty) years but you are entitled to retain in possession of and the road till the 30th September, 1934.
$$.0.k. SUPREMECOURTREPORTS 879
2. After the expiration of the said period ate of 20 (twenty) years mentioned, in the Ist Sioogeswara Coiton clause hereby you shall be at liberty to con- E89 eUngere ‘tinue the lease of the said land and the said M. Panchakskarappa toad and keep the said land and the said road Sinha C. 7. in your possession as long as you may desire todo. Incase of your thus continuing the lease of the said land and the said road you shall pay to me annually the sum of Rs. 400/-
(four hundred rupees) as rent of the said land and the said road for ist ten years beginning from the 1st October, 1934, and ending on the
30th September, 1944, and after the expira- tion of the period of ten years the annual rent payable by you for the said lane and the said road will be Rs.500/- (five hundred rapees) per annum but you shall always be at full liberty to give up the said land the said. road and terminate this lease at any time you may desire so to do after the Ist October, 1934, and the rent payable in respect of the said land and the said road shall cease to be paid by you from the time you may give up the said land and the said road after the Ist
October, 1934. But I agree and bind myself not to call upon you at any time to give up the possession of the said land and the said road as long a8 you may desire. to keep the same for your purposes observing the terms of this agreement.
S. eeecsecsecevseeenecsseccscnenpecgcescescneenees
4. civeeveseentetenssnencarsnenepereeeneeeeeeees sere
5. Youare at full liberty to erect, as many buildings, godowns, factories, bungalows and other structures etc. as you may desire on the land hereby leased and to pull down, re-erect and make any alterations in the same as you may desire. [ shall not raise any objection to your erecting any such structures on the land or to your use, and enjoyment of
Sivayogeswara Cotton ress, Devangere v. M. Panchal sharappa Sinha C. 7.
SUPREME COURT REPORTS _ [1962]
the land in any way or for any purpose as you may desire. Oe ceeceecceece secu ecu seueceeecaeeeeeseeeenerees
>
7. Thold myself liable to pay always tho annual assessment of the land hereby leased to Government you shall not be liable for such land assessment. But you shall be liable to pay all fines and other taxes which the Government will horeafter imp ose for having converted the arable or cultivable land into land for factories and building purposes.
8. eee Cee eee CeCe eee Cee ee eee eee eee eee ee 9 Cerone eer eee sesseevesens eee ee resererseosrosocest oe
10. You shall be always entitled and have full liberty to sublet or re-let the said land together with the said road for any purpose to any other person or persons on any conditions you like but without affecting in the least any of the conditions or terms of this lease.
.
l4. This lease is binding on me, my heirs, executors, administrators, successors and assigns as well as on your heirs, executors, administrators, successors and assigns. I havo hereby by this writing granted you this lease by my own freo will and in my full senses and I bind myself to abide by its terms and conditions mentioned above”.
The gaid lessec, N. J. Gamodia died in 1916 leaving a will appointing executors to look after his affairs. The executors assigned the lease to the second defendant, Gamodia Factories Limited bv a deed dated November 27, 1933. The assignee like the original tenant continued to pay the stipulated rent to the lessor Gurupadappa till his death which
38S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 881 occurred in May, 1939. The second defendant in its turn assigned its leasehold interest to the first defendant by a deed dated May 30, 1944. It is common ground that the leasehold property contains factory, buildings and residential quarters. After the lessor’s death his two widows continued to receive rent from the lessees as usual. The plaintiff is the adopted son of the original lessor and wasa minor till some time in 1949. The plaintiff sought to terminate the tenancy by issuing notices to the defendants on the ground (1) that the lease had created a tenancy at will in the events that had happened; and (2) that the original lessee had in contravention of the terms of the lease assigned the benefits under the lease in favour of the defendants. As the defendants did not vacate the premises and deliver possession of them to the plaintiff, in terms of the notice aforesaid, he instituted the suit giving rise to the present appeal for a declaration that the defendants were tenants at will and that their possession after service of notice was wrongful. The suit was resisted by the first defendant principally on the ground that the lease created not a tenancy at will as claimed by the plaintiff but a permanent tenancy, hence there is no question of the defendant being ejected on the grounds alleged in the plaint.
The courts below have decreed the suit and ordered the defendant-appellant to give up possession, In the trial court, 2 number of issues were struck between the parties. The most important issue upon which the result of the litigation largely depended was the one relating to the nature of the lease created by the lease deed aforesaid. The trial court held that it was a lease for 20 years certain, and on the efflux of that period on October 26, 1934, the second defendant became a tenant at will and as such the tenancy could be terminated at the will of cither party, the second defendant and the first defendant were liable to be ejected on service of the
Stvayogeswara Cotton Press, Devangare v. M. Panchaksharappa
——_——
Sinha C.F.
Sivayogeswara Colton Press, Devangere v. M. Panchaksharappa Sinha C. 7.
§s9 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1962]
necessary notice, which is found to have been properly served. In the result, the plaintiffs suit was decreed with costs and the defendants were directed to quit the land and the road annexed to the land, | and to restore possession of the premises to the plaintiff after removing the iron and steel machinery | and other appurtenances of the factory, but leaving intact the residential quartersand the appurtenances of those quarters. On appeal by the defendants, the lower appellate court affirmed the finding of tho trial court and dismissed the appeal with this modification that the defendants were given six months’ time to restore possession to the plaintiff after removing their machinery etc. The lowor appellate court made some other modifications also: which are not material to this appeal. On second .
appeal by the first defendant, the High Court dismissed the appeal with costs, but modified the findings of the two courts below in so far as it held. that after the lapse of the first 20 years of the lease, the tenancy was not a tenancy at will, buta tenancy for an indefinite period which would be valid for the lifetime of the lessee himsclf as also of the transferees of the lessee namely the second defendant, which is the company inasmuch as tho original lessor in his lifetime had accepted tho assignment of the lease in favour of the second defendant. The High Court also held that as the second defendant was admittedly no longer in possession of the leaschold and as there has been an assignment to the first defendant, tho transfer was not binding on the plaintiff and therefore the first defendant did not become the plaintiff's tenant. In that view of the matter, the judgment and decree of the courts below were confirmed with the modification that the appellants were given four month’s: time to vacate and deliver possession of the premises to the plaintiff.
The first defendant made an application to the High Court for the necessary certificate of fitness for coming up in appeal to this court, but the High Court by its ordor dated March 29, 1961,
38.0.R. SUPREMECOURT REPORTS 883 refused to grant the certificate. As time was running against the first defendant, he hurried up to this court by a petition for special leave to appeal dated April10, 1961. On April 20, 1961, this court granted special leave to appeal. That is how the matter comes before us.
The controversy between the parties must be determined on a reference to the terms of the lease deed on a proper construction of which the rights and obligations of the parties must be determined. If it is held that after the lapse of the first 20 years of the lease, the defendants became tenants at will, there is no answer to the claim for possession of the premises. If it is held, as it had been held by the High Court, that the second defendant’s interest as an assignee of the original lessee created a lease for an indefinite period in favour of the assignee which would enure for the life of the assignee namely the company, then the further question will arise whether or not the first defendant appellant before us had acquired the same interest by virtue of the transfer in his favour. That is one of the alternative arguments raised on behalf of the appellant by his learned counsel. The learned counsel for the appellant also mentioned the ground founded on the provisions of the Mysore Rent Act ; but as that defence has not been raised in the pleadings of the defendant and as that point has not been canvassed in the High Court, we ruled that we shallnot permit that contention to be raised here. But the substantial ground on which this appeal has been pressed upon us is that by virtue of the lease deed of the year 1914, on a proper construction of that grant, a permanent tenancy was created. If that is so, it is cpmmon ground that the suit must fail. Naturally therefore, the main argument at the bar on both sides has been devoted to the question, whether or not the lease deed evidences a perpetual grant to the lessee on jhe terms and conditions contained in the lease deed, |
Sivayogeswa-a Cotton Press, Devangeve ve. M. Panchaksharappa Sinha GC. J.
Sivayogeswera Cotton Press, Devangere
Ve Bl. Panchakshareppa
—-
Sinha C.J,
Addressing ourselves to that question, it is clear on a construction of the document Ex-I that it was a lease of the demised premises for a term of 20 years certain, on payment of Ra. 350/- annual rent in advance, even though the lesseo may not continue to oceupy the demised land; that the lessee had been granted a right to continue the lease of the demised premises as long as the lessee desired to do so ; that on his choosing to continue to enjoy the leasehold, the lessee was obliged to pay annually the enhanced rent of Rs. 400/- for the next ten years after October I, 1984, and after the expiration of the ten years aforesaid, the rent was further enhanced to the sum of Rs. 500/- per annum ; that the lessee was given the option to give up the lease at any time after October 1, 1934, without any further liability for payment of the stipulated rent ; that (and this isa very important stipulation) the lessor bound himself not to call upon the lessee at any time to give up possession of the lcase-hold as long as the lessee was prepared to observe the terms of tho lease, that the lessee was fully authorised “to erect, ag many buildings, godowns, factories, bungalows and other structures ete.,” as algo to pull down and re-erect structures or to make any alterations, as desired by him ; that the lessor undertook not to raise any objection to the lessee making those structures or his using or enjoying the land in any way or for any purposes according to his desiro; that the lessor undertook to pay the annual assessment to Government in respect of the demised premises but the lossee was obliged to pay all fines and other taxes which Government might impose for granting permission to convert the culturable land into land meant for building factories and other structuses as contemplated betwoen the parties, that if the lessee chose to give up possession of the demised premises, he shall be entitled to take away all machinery, iron and steel, woodworks etc. of the factories, buildings and other structures that may be standing, that in the event of a default in the payment of the annual rent fixed as aforosaid
Se
«7 ae
38.0.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 885 upon notice of demand served upon the lessee, the lessor reserved the right to re-take possession of the demised land. The lessee was also declared by para. 10 quoted above to be always entitled to sub-let or re-let the demised land to any person and on any terms. As the lease was apparently for the purpose of converting agricultural land into factory premises necessary for running the factory, it was specifically provided that if the Government refused to give the necessary permission for setting up the factory, the lease shall be deemed to be cancelled. Para. 13 also contains a stipulation that the heirs and assigns of the lessor shall have no right to disturb the lessee in peaceful possession of the demised premises, and that in the event of any such interference, the lessee shail be entitled to claim damages for the loss suffered by any action on the part of the lessor or his heirs or successors. Para. 14 is also a very important clause in the lease deed, which though coming as the last clause, must govern all the stipulations between the parties. Thus the terms and conditions of the lease which created the rights and obligations between the lessor and the lessee were specifically declared to be binding on the heirs and successors in interest of the lessor and the lessee.
It is manifest, therefore, on a plain construction of the terms aforesaid of the lease deed that the purpose of the transaction was a building lease that though there was liberty reserved for the lessee or his successor to give up the lease-hold at any time after October 1, 1934, no corresponding right was reserved to the lessor. Thus there is no room for the controversy which has occupied a large portion of the judgments of the courts below, that reservation of the right to the lessee to surrender possession at any time, imported a corresponding right to the lessor to call upon the lessee to give up possession. It was an advantage specifically reserved to the lessee without any corresponding benefit to the lessor. It is equally olear
Sivayegeswara Cotton Press, Devangere
¥. M. Panchaksharappa eee
Sinha C, 3.
Sivayogeswara Cotton ‘Prey, Davengere
. Al, Panchaksharappa
Sinka C. 7.
886 SUPREMECOURT REPORTS [1962]
that the lease was heritable and assignable. Thus there is no difficulty in holding that there is no room for the contention, on the terms of the lease, that the parties intended that after the lapse of the first 20 years of the lease, the tenancy will bo merely a tenancy at will. It was clearly a tenancy for an indefinite period, at the least.
The contention on behalf of the appellant is that on a proper construction of the lease deed, read as a whole, the.inference is clear that the parties intended it to be a permansnt lease. The first argument in support of the conclusion we are asked to arrive at is that it is clearly a lease for building purposes ; and it is rightly pointed out that where the land is let out for building purposes without a fixed period, the presumption is that it was intended to create a permanent tenancy. Reliance was placed upon the leading case in Navalram v. Javertlal (1) where Sir Lawrence Jenkins, C. J., laid it down that a presumption in favour of a permanent tenancy arises on a transaction like the one we have before us. The terms of the grant in that case are set out in full at p. 402 and it is clear on a reference to those terms that the deed was not as strong as we havo in the instant case. Only two things were explicit in tho te:ms of that ducument, namely, (1) that it was a lease for building purposes and (2) that as long as the lessee continued to pay the stipulated rent, the lessor would not be entitled to call upon the lessee to quit.
Reliance was also placed upon the decision of the Caleutta High Court in Promada Nath Roy v. Srigobind Chowdhry (*). In that case the Kabuliat did not specify anv period during which the lease was to subsist. It had been stipulated that the land was to be held from year to year at an annual rent and that in the event of a masonry building being erected on the land, rent was to be asscssed at the prevailing rate. Eventually, the tenant (1) (1905) 7 Bom. L. R. 401, (2) (1905) 1. L, R. $2 Cal. 648, built the structure on the land. It was held by the Calcutta High Court that the parties contemplated the lease to be for building purposes and that therefore the court could presume that the lease was intended to be permanent. The terms of the lease in that case also were not as telling as in the case before us. .
Similar was the case of Forbes v. Hanuman Bhagat (+) decided by a Divison Bench of the Patna High Court which applied the decision of the Caleutta High Court in Promada Nath Roy v. Srigobind Chowdhry (*) to the case before it. That case was followed by a subsequent Division Bench in the case of Commissioner of Income-tax v. Maharajadhiraj Kumar Visheshwar Singh(*). Fazl Ali, J., who delivered the leading judgment of the court relied upon the decision of their Lordships of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in the case of Janaki Nath Roy v. Dina Nath Kundu (*). Mr. Justice Fazl Ali particularly relied upon two circumstances which in his view supported the inference of the tenancy being permanent, namely, (1) that no term had been fixed in the lease and (2) that the lease deed contained provisions for the exercise of certain rights by the heirs of the lessor and the lessee, apart from the cirtumstance that the building was for enabling the lessee to build a gola (ware-house) and a platform for a rice mill. In all these cases decided by the Bombay, Calcutta and Patna High Courts as also by the Judicial Committee, there was no fixed period as the term of the lease.
But it was contended on behalf of the plaintiff respondent that the term expressly granting the lessee the right to give up possession at will was wholly inconsistent with the permanency of the tenancy. In our opinion, the presumption raised by the fact that the lease was for building purposes and therefore intended to be permanent is not weakened by the fact that the lessee had stipulated
(1) (1923'E. LR, 2 Pat. 452. (2) (1905) T. L. R. 32 Cal. 648. (3) (1839) 1.L, R. 18 Pat. 805. = (4) (1931) 35°C. W. N, 982.
Sivayogeswara. Cotton Press, Devangere v, M.. Panchaksharappa Sinha C. F.
Sivayegeswara Cotton Press, Deoangere v. M. Panchaksharappa Sinha C. 9, with tho lessor to be entitled to give up possession if and when he decided to do so. It is a right reserved in favour of the lessee and did not confer, as already pointed out, any corresponding right on the lessor. Such a rightin favour of the lessce cannot be converted into a disability or an obligation which should detract from the grant of a permanent tenancy. Such a stipulation which gives a right to the tenant to surrender the leasc-hold at any time he decided to do so, if it is coupled with & corresponding right in the landlord to serve notice of ejoctment at any time he chose todo so may have the effect of making the tenancy, a tenancy at will, but such a conclusion has been negatived by tho High Court and rightly enough.
In this connection the following observations of the Privy Council in the case of Baboo Lekhraj Roy v. Kunhya Singh (4) may be quoted :
“Ifa grant be madeto aman for an indefinite period, it enures, generally speaking for his lifetime, and passes no interest to his heirs unloss there are some words shewing an intention to grant an horeditary interest. That rule of construction does not apply if the term for which tho grant is mado is fixed or can be definitely ascertained”.
In that case, a leasc had been granted to the respondents’ ancestor to continue during the term of the mokurruri of the grantor. The grantor’s term could be terminated by the owner (in this case the Government) at the end of a year, a power which had never been exercised. In a suit for ejectment by the successor-in-title of the original lessee, it was held by the Privy Council that the general rule that a lease of an indefinite nature enures for the life of the grantee did not apply to the case, becauso the interest of the lessor itself had passed from generation to generation.
In this case, it has been found by the High Court that after the lapso of the first 20 years of the
(1) (1877) L.R.4 LA. 228, 252.
Fea]
lie:
+ ode
3 8.C.R: SUPREME COURT REPORTS 889 lease, the lease became one for an indefinite term which meant on the authority of the decision of the Bombay High Court in Babasaheb v. West Patent Co., Ltd.) to which one of us sitting in the Bombay High Court (Gajendragadkar, J.) was a party, a lease for the lifetime of the lessee. The facts of that case were similar to those ofthe present except in so far as there do not appear in the lease any such terms as are contained in cl. 14 of the lease deed in the instant case. The Bombay High Court therefore had not to consider the terms of a lease
_ which could be said to be in part materia with those of the present. In that case, the court had to choose between two rival contentions, namely, (1) that the lease created a tenancy at will and (2) that the lease was a lease good enough for the lifetime of the grantee, ifit was not indeed a permanent tenancy. We are in complete agreement with the following observations of the court made in that case which in our opinion apply to the facts and circumstances of the case in hand :
“The forms in which tenancy rights are created in India are not uniform and they do not conform to precedents known to conveyancing ; sometimes the words used are not precise and it is not easy to understand from the said words the intention of the parties in executing the documents. Leases are often executed without legal assistance; and the aid that the parties obtain from professional scribes does not always contribute to make the terms clear or precise. The nature of the tenancy created by any document must never- — theless be determined by construing the document as a whole. If the tenancy is for a building purpose, prima facie it may be arguable that it is intended for the life-time of the lessee or may in certain cases be even a permanent lease. Prima facie such a lease is not intended to be tenancy at will. But whether it is a tenancy for life or a permanent (1) I, L. R. [1954] Bom. 448, 450.
v. M, Panchaksharappa Sinha O. F-
Sivayogeswara Cotten Press, Devangere v. MM, Panchakshor appa Sinha C. 7.
tenancy must ultimately depend upon the terms of the contract itself. And in construing the terms of such contracts ‘the conrts must look at the substance of the matter and decide what the parties really intended to do.”
Our task therefore in the present case is to determine what the parties really intended to do. In this connection, it is pertinent to re-emphasise tho following facts : the lessee with a view to raise a substantial structure by way of factory premises, residential quarters and other appurtenant buildings, took a lease of extensive land, about 41/2 acres in area ; those lands, at the time of the transaction in quostion, were being used for agricultural purposes with the permission of the Government. who were the ultimate owners. Its character could be changed with the permission of the Government on payment of certain prescribed fees and charges. The parties could not be cortain of obtaining the necessary Government sanction to the conversion of the tenancy from agricultural to building purposes. Therefore the stipulation was clearly made that in the event of the Government refusing to sanction the conversion, the lease will be deemed to have como to anend. Ifthe permission were forthcoming, and if the lessee put up substantial structures, it would be in his interest to continue in possession of the premises demised by the lease as long as he found it worth his whilo, but the lessee may have appreherided that circumstances might supervene necessitating his walking out of the venturé. He thorcfore had to make provision in the lease entitling him to surrendor the lease so as to avoid the liability for paymont of future rents. But tho loesor on his part would be equally anxious to conserve his righte and therefore he insisted upon tho payment of rent for at least 20 years, irrespective of the consideration whether or not the tenant continued avi
— to occupy the premises. Thereafter, the lessor stipulated for enhanced rent of Rs. 400/- per annum for the first ten years after the initial period of twenty years aforesaid, and Rs. 500/- thereafter for all times that the lessee continued to occupy the premises. It could not therefore have been in the contemplation of the parties that the lease should be only for the life of the grantee or for an indefinite period which could be terminated at the will of the lessor. In order to ensure that the lessor should not eject the lessee at his sweet will, the term was specifically included in the lease that it will not be open to the lessor to do so. It must, therefore, be held that a stipulation entitling the lessee to surrender possession of the premises at his willis not wholly inconsistent with the tenancy being permanent. In this connection, the following observations of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in the oase of Janaki Nath Roy v. Dina Nath Kundu (*) may be quoted :
“On the other hand, restrictions upon the power of the tenant to dig tanks and build masonry structures (cl. 8) and other provisions in the document were _ relied upon by the Appellants as indicating a tenancy not ofa permanent nature. That some provisions are to be found which point in that direction cannot be denied though some of them may be explained by the existence of the special powers to resume Khas possession referred to above. But the question after all, is one of construction of a document, viz., what is the correct view to take of the rights of the parties after considering all the clauses of the sabuliyat and giving due weight to the several indications which point in the different directions ?”
It is noteworthy that the lease was intended by the parties to be heritable and assignable. It
(1) (1931) 35 C.W.N. 982, 986, v. M, Panchaksharappa
Sinha GC. 7.
196!
—_—
Stogyogeswara Cotton Press, Devangere v.
M. Panchaksherappa
Sinka C. J.
892 SUPREME COURT REPORTS = [1962]
was a leaso for twenty years certain, and then in terms which are not wholly unequivocal in respect of the period after the lapse of the initial twenty years. That the lease was not intended to be for iho life only of the grantec is clear not only from the facts already noticed, namely, that it was meant for building purposes, was heritable and assignable and bad not reserved any right to the lessor to terminate the tenancy, but also from the consideration that the lessor would not gamble upon the life of his lessee when he was making sure of the term of at least twenty years. He must have known that the factory worked for twenty years, it would go on for ever, according to human calculations.
The fact that the lessee stipulated in express terms that he shall always be at full liberty to give up the lease after October 1, 1934, it was argued, was a clear indication of the leaso not being a permanent one ; in other words, the contention is that the presumption arising from the fact that tho l-ase was fora building purpose, heritable and assignable, is rebutted by the fact that the tenant had insisted upon the stipulation aforesaid. In our opinion, there is no substance in this contention. It is always open toa lessce of whatever description to surrender his leasehold interest to the lessor, by mutual consent. It is not necessary in law that the mutual consent should be at the time the surrender is being made. It is open to the parties to stipulate terms in anticipation of such a surrender. In the instant case, the surrender was to be in express torms agreed to by the parties, at any time after the lapse of the initial period of twenty years. Such a stipulation for the benefit of the lessee cannot be construed as in derogation of the permanency of the tenure, if the parties otherwise agrced to create such a tenure.
For the reasons aforesaid, it must be hold that the High Court was in error in holding that the present case is governed by the decision of the
™~ es
38.0.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 893
Bombay High Court in I.L.R. [1954] Bom. 448. That decision was, with all respect, entirely correct on the terms of the document then before the court. That being so, in our opinion, on a true and proper construction of the lease deed, the presumption in favour of the transaction creating a permanent lease cannot be held to have been rebutted by a stipulation in favour of the tenant having the right to surrender the lease at his choice. That being so, it must be held that the lease deed evidences an intention to create a permanent lease. In view of this finding, it is not necessary to advert to the other contentions raised on behalf of the appellants.
For the reasons given above, the appeal must be allowed; the judgement and decree of the courts below are set aside and the suit giving rise to the appeal dismissed with costs throughout.
Appeul allowed.
THE BOMBAY UNION OF JOURNALISTS AND OTHERS v. THE ‘HINDU’, BOMBAY, AND ANOTHER
(K. N. Waxcnoo and J.C. Suan, JJ.)
Industrial Dispute—Individual Dispute—If and when can be converted into industrial dispute—Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 (14 of 1947), s. 12 (5).
The first respondent, the ‘Hindu’, Bombay, which was a newspaper establishment terminated the services of the third appellant as its correspondent and declined to accede to the request of the latter for his re-instatement. His case was taken up and supported by the Bombay Union of Journalists, a trade union, of which membership was open to all persons depending on journalism for their livelihood. He was not supported by any union of the employees of the ‘Hindu’, Bombay, or a number of its workmen. The Government referred the dispute for adjudication under s. 12(5) of the Industrial Disputes Act,
Siveyogeswara Cotton Press, Devangere v. M., Panachaksharappa
Sinha G. J
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September 27.