2 §.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 733
Taylor's Medical Jurisprudence (1956 Edn.) Vol. 1, at page 122, some cases are given showing that hairs were identified as belonging to particular persons.
Thus, we have besides the evidence of the approver three important facts which connect the appellant with the commission of the offence. His pointing out the dead body, his pointing out the silver buttons of the deceased which were stained with human blood and the presence of his hairs on a pania (scarf) on which there were the hairs of the deceased also. In our opinion this would be sufficient evidence in the circumstances of the present case to connect>the appellant with the commission of the offence. —
We, therefore, dismiss the appeal. Appeal disn.isscd.
UNION OF INDIA
(P. B. GaJENDRAGADKAR and K, N. Wancnoo, JJ.)
Evacuee Property—Inclusion in compensation pool—Effect —Power of Central Government—Adminisiration of Evacuee Property (Central) Rules, r. 14 (6)—Administration of Evacues Properly Act, 1950-—The displaced persons (Compensation and Rehabilitation) Act, (XLIV of 1954), ss. 12, 14, 16 and 19.
The appellants migrated to India in 1947 from West Pakistan. To begin with, they were given temporary allotment of land in two villages. In 1949, land was allotted to them on quasi-permanent basis, and they have remained in possession of the same eversince. Originally, land was classified into two kinds : urban and agricultural land. Later on, a third classification was introduced, known as sub-urban land. The two villages in which land was allotted to the appellants were not included in the notification with respect to sub-urban Jand. In February, 1952, the Director of Rehabilitation passed an order declaring those villages as
£99
Kanbi Karsan Jadav v.
——«s
Kapur J.
January 24.
Basant Ram ve Union of India
—
Wancho J, ea
é f sub-urban, The result of the order was that the allotment made tothe appellants was to be reduced. The appellants went‘in revision to the Custodian General, and their revision petitions were dismissed on the ground that in view of Rule 14(6)(iti)(d) of the Rules it was open to the Central Government by a specia! order to direct cancellation or variation of the allotment made in favour of the appellants, and the Central Government had on the representation of the Punjab Government agreed to declare the two villages in question a’ sub‘urban by its order. dated October 11, 1955. The appellants filed a writ petition in the High Court but that was dismissed summarily. They have come in appeal to this Court by special leave.
Held, that when the notification of March 24, 1955, was nade under s. ]2 of the Displaced Persons (Compensation and Retabilitation) Act, 1954, the evacuee property in those villages ceased to be evacuee property and became a part of the compensation pool. That property could only be dealt with underthe Act of 1954. Jfany variation or cancellation of allotment was to he made. that could be done only under the provisions of s, 19 of Act of 1954. There was no power left in the Central Government to act under Rule 14(6)(iii)(d) of the Rules framed under the Administration of Evacuce Property Act, 1950 with respect to that land after the notification of March 24, 1955.
Balmukand v. The State of Punjab, ¥.L.R. 1957 Punjab 712 and Major Gopal Singh v. Custodian of Evacuee Property, A.LR. 1961 S.C. 1320, followed. Crvn, APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal *No.'766 of 1957.
Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated January 31, 1956, of the Punjab High Court in Civil Writ Petition No. 30 of 1956.
R. S. Narula, for the appellants.
B. K. Khanna and P.D. Menon, for the respondents.
8. LL. Pandhi, for the interveners.
1992. January 24. Tho Judgment of the Court was delivered by
Waxcuoo, J.—This is an appeal by special leave against the order of the Punjab High Court
’
28.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 735 summarily rejecting a petition filed by the appellants under Art. 226 of the Constitution. The bricf facts necessary for present purposes are these, The appellants migrated in 1947 from what is now West Pakistan and settled in two villages, viz., Sheikhapind and Kotla. They were given temporary allotment of agricultural land in the two villages under the East Punjab Evacuees’ (Administration of Property) Act, (No. XIV of 1947) then in force. Thereafter a scheme was formulated in 1948 for qnasi-permanent allotment of agricultural land to owners of land in West Pakistan after the East Punjab Refugees (Registration of Claims) Act, (No. VIIL of 1948) was enacted. In July 1949, a notification was issued stating the condition under which allotment of agricultural land would be made to displaced persoas from West Pakistan. This allotment was quasi permanent in the sense that it was to remain in force so long as the land was to remain vested in the Custodian of Evacuee Property. In pursuance of this notification, land was allotted in the two villages to the appellants on quasi-permanent basis in 1949 and the appellants have remained in possession thereof eversince. Originally land was classified into two kinds, namely, (i) urban and -
(ii) agricultural land. Later in 1949, however, a third classification, namely sub-urhan was also introduced in practice with respect to agricultural land in the neighbourhood of certain towns and a notification seems to have been issued with respect to that specifying the villages land in which was considered to be a sub-urban (vide Chap.V of Land Settlement Manual by Tarlok Singh). But the two villages in which land was allotted to the appelHants were not included in the notification with respect to sub-urban land.
In August 1950 after the quasi-permanent allotment in favour of the appellants had been
Basent Ram Union af India Wanchoo J.
19ta
Basant Rom v. Union of India
Wanchoo J.
made, the Revenue Assistant (Rehabilitation) Jullundur proposed that these two villages should also be classified as sub-urban, tho consequence of which would have been to reduce the area of land given to the allottees therein. The . appellants objected before the Director General of Rehabilitation to the villages being graded as sub-urban. The Director General called for a report from the Revenue Assistant (Rehabilitation) and eventually passed an order on January 12, 1951 that it was not desirable at that atage to cause any disturbance to the allotments made in these two villages by declaring them sub-urban and that the status quo should continue. This however did not end the matter and in February, 1952 the Director of Rehabilitation passed en order in effect declaring these villages as sub-urkan with the result that the allotment made to the appellants would have to be reduced. It also appears thst some order was passed in April, 1952 on paper alloting the extra land which would be released from the allotment of the appellants to other persons who have appeared as interveners in this appeals. But this order remained merely on paper and has not been carried ovt so far. When the appellants came to know of the order of February °9, 1952, they filed a revision before the Custodian General for setting aside that order. The revision came up before the Deputy Custodian General for hearing in January 1956. By then however certain changes in the law and the Rules had been made. Firstly, there was an amendment in r. 14 (6) of ihe Administration of Evacure property (Central)Rules framed under the Administration of Evacuce property Act, (Central Act XXXI of 1950). Further, the Displaced persons (Compensation and Rehabilitation) Act, Central Act XLIV of 1954, (hereinafter referred to as the Act) had been passed. Under the amendment to r. 14(6) power was given for cancellation or variation of any
2 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 787 allotment of rural evacuee property on a quasipermanent basis, where the allotment was to be cancelled or varied in accordance with the general or special order of the Central Government. It appears that in the meantime correspondence passed between the Punjab Government and the Central Government and an order under the amended r. 14 (6) (iii) (d) was obtained on October 11,1955. Therefore, when the revision came up before the Deputy Custodian General he held that in view of r. 14 (6) (iii) (d) of the Rules it was open to the Central Government by special order to direct cancellation or variation of the allotment made in this case in favour of the appellants and that the Central Government had on the representation of the Punjab Government agreed to declare these two villages as sub-urban by its order dated October 1], 1955; therefore he held that whatever was being done after October 11, 1955 was in pursuance of the order of the Central Government. He therefore held that the impugned order of February 29, 1952, even if it was revisable, no longer held the field and action was to be taken in future under the order of the Central Government passed on October 11, 1955. Therefore, the revisions had become infructuous and he dismissed them.
Then followed the writ petition by the appellants in the Punjab High Court, which was dismissed summarily. As leave was refused by the High Court, the appellants applied for special leave to this Court, which was granted; and that is how the matter has come up before us.
The main. contention on behalf of the appellants before us is that after the coming into force of the Act and the notification made thereunder on March 24, 1955 under s. 12, the land allotted to the appellants in the two villages. ceased to be evacuce property and became part of the compensation pool created thereunder and therefore the Central
Basant “Ram Union Wi india Wancheo J ‘
Basent Bam Union of india Wenchoo J.
Government had no powor left to act under the Central Act XXXI of 1950 and the Rules framed thereunder. In consequence the order passed, by the Central Government on October 11, 1955 on the basis of which the Deputy Custodian General rejected the revision petitions filed on behalf of the appellants was not within the competence of the Central Government and no action could be taken by virtue of that order declaring the two villages as sub-urban. Therefore it was not open to the authorities under the Central Act XX XI of 1950 to take any action under that order with the object of varying the allotment made in favour of the appellants by reducing the area allotted to them. Itis further urged that whatever further action has to be taken after the notification dated March 24, 1955 can only be taken under the Act and that no such action has in fact been taken.
We are of opinion that there is force in this contention of the appellants and it must prevail. Section 12(1) of the Act provides that “‘if the Central Government is of opinion that it is necessary to acquire any evacuees property for a public purpose, being a purpose connected with the relief and rehabilitation of displaced persons, including payment of compensation to such persons, the Central Government may at any time acquire such evacuee property by publishing in the Official Gazette a notification to the effect that the Centra] Government has decided to acquire such evacuee property in pursuance of this section”. Sub-section (2) then provides that “on the publication of a notification under sub-section (1), the right, title and interest. of any evacuee in the evacuee property specified in the notification shall......... be extinguished and the evacuce property shall vest absolutely in the Central Government free from all encumbrances.” Subsection (4) provides that all evacuee property acquired under this section shall form part of the
28.0.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 739 compensation pool. Section 14 provides for the constitution of a compensation pool. Section 16 gives powers to the Central Government for the management of the compensation pool, including the appointment of such officers as it may deem fit (referred to as managing officers) or constitution of such authority or corporation, as it may deem fit (referred to as managing corporations). Section 17 provides for functions of managing officers and managing corporations. Section 19, which is important, provides that ‘notwithstanding anything contained in any contract or any other law for the time being in force but subject to any rules that may be made under this Act, the managing officer or managing corporation may cancel any allotment or terminate any lease or amend the terms of any lease or allotment under which any evacuee property acquired under this Act is held of occupied by a person, whether such allotment or lease was granted before or after the commencement of this Act.” Rules have been framed under the Act specifying the circumstances under which a managing officer or a managing corporation may cancel an allotment or terminate a lease or vary the terms of any such lease or allotment (seer. 102). It is not in dispute that the evacuee property in these two villages was notified under s.12(1) of the Act on March 24, 1955. The consequence of that notification is that all rights, title and interest of the evacuee in the property ceased with the result that the property no longer remained evacuee property. Once therefore the property ceased to be evacuee property it can not be dealt with under the Central Act No. XX XI of 1950 or the Rules framed thereunder. The property in these two villages became part of the compensation pool after the notification of March 24, 1955 and could be dealt with under the provisions of the Act and any variation or cancellation of any lease or allotment thereafter could only be made under 38.19 v. Union of indé.
Wanchoo J.
Baseat Ren ¥. Union of Indie
Wenchee J.
of the Act. This is the position which emerges on @ consideration of sections 12, 14, 16 and 19 of the Act after the notification under s. 12(1) was made with respect to the evacuee property in these two villages on March 24, 1955. This view has been taken by the Punjab High Court in Balmukand v. The Punjab State ('). The same view has also been expressed by this Court in Major Gopal Singh v. Custodian, Evacuee Property, (*), where it was held that from the date of the notification under s. 12, the Custodian by reason of the divesting of the property becomes functus officto with respect to it and cannot rectify any error made by him in the past in the matter of cancellation of allotment. It follows therefore that when the notification of March 24, 1955 was made and the evacuee property in these two villages ceased to be evacuece property and became part of the compensation pool it could only be dealt with under the Act and if any variation or cancellation of allotment wasto be made it could only be done under the provisions of s. 19 of the Act and there was no power left in the Central Government to act under r. 14(6)(iii)(d) of the Rules framed under the Centra] Act XXXI of 1950 with respect to this land after the notification of March 24, 1955. The order of the Deputy Custodian General of January 1956 shows that further proceedings with respect to this land are contemplated under the order of October 11, 1955 passed by the Central Government under.r. 14(6)iii)(d). As however that order was passed after March 24, 1955, when the power of the Centra] Government to act under the Central Act XXXT of 1950 had ceased on the evacuees property in these two villages becoming part of the compensation pool, that order must be set aside and no further proceedings can be taken under that order. We order accordingly. The appellants will get their costa.
(1) I. L. R, 1957 Pun}. 712. (2) [21962] 18. C. R, 328,
28.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 741
We should however like to make it clear that we express no opinion on the controversy between the appellants and the interveners who are left to such remedies as may be available to them under the law.
rae pane SV
A.B. ABDULKADIR AND OTHERS.
v
THE STATE OF KERALA AND ANOTHER (AND CONNECTED APPEALS)
(B. P. Stnua, C. J., P. B. Gasenpracapxar, K. N. Wancnoo, M. HrpayatuttaH and J.C. Suan, JJ.)
Central Excise—Control of tobacco—System of auctions— Licence for storage—Repeal of state law—Cochin and Travancore ' enactments, if law corresponding to Centra! Excises Act—“Hxcise duty”, meaning of—Cochin Tobacco Act, 1084 (Cochin 7 of 1084 M. E.\—Travancore Tobacco Regulation, 1087 (Travancore 1 of 1087 M.E.) —Finance Act, 1950 (25 of 1950), ss. 11{2), 13 (2).
In 1909 the Ruler of the erstwhile State of Cochin enacted the Cochin Tobacco Act of 1084 (M.E.) with the object of controlling the cultivation, production, manufacture, storage and sale of tobacco. Rules were framed under the Act for regulating the cultivation, possession, transportation and sale of tobacco and a system of Jicensing was introduced for that purpose. Licences for storage were to be annual and tobe issued on payment of licence fee. The authorities administering the provisions of the Act and the Rules framed thereunder were the Commissioner of Excise and his subordi« nates The systemin force for the collection of tobacco revenue was to auction what were called A class and B class shops.
A law similar to that prevailing in Cochin was promulgated in 1911 by the Ruler of Travancore as the Travancore Tobacco Regulation of 1087 (M.E.), The two States merged themselves in 1919 as the State of Travancore Cochin but the two Acts continued to remainin force in the respective territories. On April 1, 1950, after the Constitution of India had come into force and Travancore Cochin had become q
We Union af India ee cepts cwrve - Wanchoo J.
J aauary 24.