1S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 765 which the Privy Council was concerned, and in construing the said clause, the Privy Council observed that “the phrase ‘made under this Act”? describes the provenance of the assessment : it does not relate to its accuracy in point of law. The use of the machinery provided by the Act, not the result of that use, is the test.” These two Privy Council’s decisions support the conclusion that having regard to the scheme of the Act, s. 18-A must be deemed to exclude the jurisdiction of civil courts to entertain claims like the present.
In the result, we must hold that the view taken by the High Court is right and so, the appeal fails and is dismissed. There would be no order as to costs.
Appeal dismissed.
KISHAN CHANDER v. STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH
(P. B. GAsENDRAGADKAR, K.N. Wancuoo, M. Hipayarutisan, K.C. Das Gupra and j.C. Suan, JJ.) ° |
Ulira Vires—Principle of—Oonstitution of Ind: Arts. 13, 19, 21,--The United State of Gwolior, Indore and Malwa (Madhya Bharat) Gambling Act, samvat 2006 (Madhya Bharat Act No. 51 of 1949), as. 6, 8.
The three appellants with five others were tried for offences under s. 40f the United State of Gwalior, Indore and Malwa (Madhya Bharat) Gambling Act and sentenced to imprisonment. The Sessions Judge rejected their armeals. The High
—
Firm and Ulurt Subbayya Chetty & Sons v. the State of Andhra Pradesh
Gajendragadkar, J.
‘January, 25.
reer Wane SaaS i aes eee 766 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1964] VOL. “4963. Court rejected their revision - petititions.. They came to this Kishan Chander Court by Special Leave.’ The only. point urged’ before this
. . ov.- Court was that ss. 6 and 8"of the Gambling Act were ultra State of r pada vires the Constitution and against” the principles of natural Tame Justice and fundamentals of criminal jurisprudence.
Held, that ss.6. and8 of the Act were not ulira vires the Constitution. “The Act is not unreasonable in its restrictions ~upon the fundamental rights of the people. There is nothing in the definition of ‘gambling’ to make it unreasonable or to offend against any of the guaranteed rights. The definition of a .~ ‘gaming. house’-is no doubt wide and there is not only a long list of places. which come within the expression ‘gaming ‘house’ but the term includes any place which answers the rest ’ of the description, In spite of this, there is nothing unreasonable or which does not subserve the central purpose. The _ Act provides safeguards | against vittimization of innocent “4 |.» “persons by putting certain. checks when’ it provides for the ms ~ detection and prosecution of offenders - against the Act. The “. power to enter and authorise the police to enter and search places believed to be gaming houses is. given to superior ' officers who are expected to act reasonably and after due satisfaction. . Moreover, the officer who enters the building and ’ seizes the articles has to satisfy the Court that his suspicions were based on reasonable grounds and it is only then that the burden’is shifted to the.accused.to prove his innocence. . Though the word used ins. Gis ‘suspecting’, in actual proof. : this suspicion must be demonstrated to be reasonably based. ~ Considering the fact that gambling is an evil which is rampant . and gaming houses. flourish as_a profitable business and detec- . | tion of gambling is extremely. difficult, the law to root out “<>. . gambling cannot but bein the public interest.’ Such a law . ‘must of necessity provide fora special procedure. So. long as it is not arbitrary and contains adequate safeguards, it cannot | be successfully assailed. The Act contains sufficient safeguards, to ensure that there isno danger to any one except to‘ those who are proved to the satisfaction of the Court to keep a gaming house or whocan be presumed, unless ‘the contrary is proved,
' to be there for the purpose of ‘gaming. — .
Crmman APPELLATE JuRIspIcTIoN:: Criminal Appeal No. 47 of 1961.” re
Appeal by special leave from the Judgment and - :_... order dated December 14, 1960, of the Madhya - . .. Pradesh High Court (Gwalior Bench at Gwalior) in ~~~. Criminal Revision No. 91/59... = ©
18.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 767 R. L. Kohli and C. L. Sarin, for the appellants. I. N. Shroff, for the respondent.
1963. January 25. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
HipAYATULLAH, J.—This is an appeal by special leave against an order of the Madhya Pradesh High Court (Gwalior Bench), by which a criminal revision filed by the three appellants was dismissed. The three appellants with five others were tried for offences under s. 4 of ‘‘The United State of Gwalior, Indore and Malwa (Madhya Bharat), Gambling Act, Samvat 2006”, (Madhya Bharat Act No. 51 of 1944!) (Samvat 20)6). Krishnachandra, the first appellant, was also tried under s. 3 of the Act. All the original accused except one were convicted under s, 4 of the Act and sentenced to one months’ simple imprisonment. Krishnachandra was convicted in addition under s.3 of the Act and sentenced to one months’ simple imprisonment. The sentences in Krishnachandra’s case were ordered to run concurrently.
All these persons appealed unsuccessfully to the Court of Session. The three appellants then filed a petition for revision in the High Court. The High Court also issued a notice under s. 439 of the Code of Criminal Procedure to these appellants to show cause why the sentences passed on them should not be enhanced. The High Court by its order dated December 14, 1960, dismissed the revision petition filed by the appellants and in addition to the.sentence of imprisonment imposed a fine of Rs. 200 on each count or counts for which they were originally convicated. The Appellants asked for a certificate to appeal to this Court but it was refused by the High Court. The appellants, however, obtained special leave from this Court and have filed the present appeal.
Kishan Chander v.
State of Madhya Pradesh
Hidayotullah, J.
Kishan (hander v. State of Madhyo Predesh
Hidayatuliak, J
; Only one point has been agrued before us and It is that s. 6 of the Gambling Act is ultra vires the Constitution and is against the principles of natural Justice and the fundamentals of criminal jurisprudence. A_ similar contention has also been raised about s. 8 of the Act. The Madhya Bharat Act is almost a replica of the corresponding Indian statute. Though it differs slightly in its wording, the purport and intent is almost the same. There are three definitions in s. 2of the Act which control the later provistons. The expression ‘‘gaming” is defined to include ‘‘wagering and betting” and the explanation attached to the definition provides :-—
“Any transaction by which a person in any capacity whatever employs another in any capacity whatever, or engages for another in any capacity whatever, to wager or bet with another person, and the collection or soliciting of bets, receipt or distribution of winnings or prizes in money or otherwise in respect of wagering or betting or any act which is intended to aid or facilitate wagering or betting or such collection, soliciting, reccipt or distribution, shall be deemed to be “gaming”’.
“Gaming house” is defined to mean—
‘‘Any house, room, tent, enclosure, space vehicle, vessel or any place whatsover in which’ gaming takes place or in which instruments of gaming are kept or used for gaming.”
The expression “instruments of gaming” includes—
“any article used or intended to be used as a subject or means of gaming, any document used or intended to be used asa register or record or evidence of any gaming, the proceeds of any gaming, and any winnings or prizes in
18.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 769 money or otherwise distributed or intended to.
be distributed in respect of any gaming”.
These definitions show that a gaming house: is a place in which gaming takes place or in which instruments of gaming are kept for use for gaming, that is, for wagering or betting etc. or for the purpose of facilitating wagering or betting etc. Two offences have been created by the Act affecting respectively the keeper of a gaming house and persons found gaming or present for the purpose of gaming, in a gaming house, Section 3 which creates the offence affecting the keeper of a gaming house ~ provides as follows :— “3. Whoever—
(a) ‘opens, keeps or uses any house, room or place for the purpose of a gaming house;
(b) being the owner or occupier of any such house, room or place knowingly or wilfully permits the same to be opened, occupied, kept or used by any other person for the purpose aforesaid;
(c) has the care or management of, or in any manner assists in conducting the business of, any such house, room or place opened, occupied, kept or used for the purpose aforesaid;
(d) advances or-turnishes money for the purpose of gaming with persons frequenting any such house, room or place;
shall on conviction be punishable with imprisonment which may extend to six months and with fine :”
A proviso provides for enhanced penalties for the first, second, third or subsequent offences.
-
—
Kishan Chander Ve State of Madhya Pradesh
Hidayatultah, J.
Kishan Chander vw State of Mathya Prodash
Hidayatullah, J.
Section 4 which makes gaming in a gaming house an offence provides :
“4. Whoever is found in any gaming house, gaming or present for the purpose of gaming shall, on conviction, be punishable with imprisonment, which may extend to six months and with fine.”
A special presumption is provided as follows :—
“Any person found in any gaming house during any gaming therein shall be presumed, until © the contrary is proved to have been there for the purpose of gaming.”
A proviso provides for enhanced penalties in the game way 4s in S. 3.
Section 5 gives powers to certain officers to enter or to authorise police officers (not below the rank of a sub-inspector) to enter and search a gaming heuse but the power is exercisable only if the officer concerned ‘‘is Satisfied, upon credible information, and after such inquiry as he may think necessary, that there are good grounds to believe that any house, room, tent, enclosure. space, vehicle, vessel or place is used as a gaming house.” Section 6 which is impugned in thts appeal then provides as follows :—
“6. When any instrument of gaming has been seized in any house, room, tent, enclosure, space, vehicle, vessel or place entered or searched under the provisions of last preceding section, or about the person of any of those who are found therein and in the case of any other thing so scized, if the Court is satisfied that the officer who entered or searched such house, room, tent, enclosure, space, vehicle, vessel, or place -had reasonable grounds for suspecting that the thing so seized was an
1§.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 771 instrument of gaming, the seizure of such instrument or thing shall be evidence, until the contrary is made to appear that such house, tent, enclosure, space, vehicle, vessel or place is used asa gaming house and that the persons found therein were then present for the purpose of gaming although no gaming was actually seen by the Magistrate or Police Officer.”
Section 8 creates a special rule of evidence and it provides :—
“8. It shall not be necessary, in order to convict any person of any offence against any of the provisions of sections 3 and 4 to prove that any person found gaming was playing for any money, wager or stake.”
It has been amply proved in the present case that on a search being made -instruments of gaming were found in the house and a presumption under s. 6 was therefore drawn against the persons present there.
The impugned sections are challenged under Articles 19 and 21 of the Constitution. The former Article is said to be voilated because the sections unreasonably impair the right of assembly and the right to hold and enjoy property. It is not contended that gambling in the form of betting or wagering or as explained in the explanation to s. 2 (d) is not an evil from which society needs to be protected. What is complained of is the manner in which the offences of keeping a gaming house ard gaming ina gaming house may be proved against the respective offenders. It is contended that this proof largely depends upon the suspicion of an officer and the discovery on search of innocent articles like playing cards and dice and that added to these unreasonable provisions, the burden of proof, which should always
————
Kishan Chande
Vv. State of Modh. Pradesh
——
Hidayatullah, J.
£963
Vishen Chinder
Vv. tate of Madhy tratesh
‘idayatuiteh, .
712, SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1964] VOL.
lie on the prosecution, is reversed and the alleged offender is required to clear himself of the alleged guilt. It is submitted that the sections are unconstitutional as they offend Articles 19 and 13 of the Constitution. Itis further submitted that in these circumstances there is a breach of Article 21 as well.
Nhe argument based on Article 21 need not be separately noticed because if the impugned provisions are found to be constitutional, the curtailment of liberty would not be except according to the procedure established by law. So the only point to consider is whether the impugne1 provisions of the Act are so unreasonable as to lose the protection of Clauses (3). (4) and (5) of Article 19. The Act is a pre-Constitution measure and it can only be declared void under Article 13. The Act is not challenged on the ground that it was beyond the competence of the Legislature which passed it or that it has ceased to be law otherwise than bv the alleged breach of Articles 19 and 21. Once it is conceded that gambling is an evil, and it is rightly so conceded here, the interests of public order, morality or the general public require that it be eradicated and the only question which survives is whether the law made to do this is unreasonable in its restrictions upon the guaranteed rights. Inthis connection what must be established by the appctlants is that an object which is legitimate in itself has been achieved in a manner which amounts to an unreasonable curtailment of the guaranteed liberties.
In order to find out whether the impugned provisions can be regarded as unreasonable in the sense explained it is necessary to consider them in some detail. We begin with the definitions. “Gaming” is defined to include wagering and betting which are the commonest forms of gambling but the definition leaves room for inclusion in the term other forms which gambling might take. ‘Ihere is nothing in the
1S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 773 definition to make it unreasonable or to offend against any of the guaranteed rights. Next comes the definition of “gaming house”. A house becomes a gaming house if gaming takes place there or instruments of gaming are kept there or used for gaming. The definition is no doubt wide and there is not only along list of places which come within the expression ‘gaming house’ but the term includes any place whatsoever which answers the rest of the description. But here again there is nothing which is unreasonable or which does not subserve the central purpose. ' “Instruments of gaming” are next defined to include articles used or intended to be used as a subject or means of gaming, also documents, registers, records, proceeds of gaming and prize money etc. The words ‘fused or intended to be used asa subject or means of gaming” outline the circumstances in which the possession of articles becomes incriminatory under the Act.
Having defined gambling, gaming house and instruments of gaming, the Act provides safeguards against victimisation of innocent persons by putting in certain checks when it proceeds to provide for the detection and prosecution of offenders against the Act. The offences are the keeping of a gaming house (s.3), gaming in a gaming house (s. 4) and gaming in places to which public have access (s. 12). We are not concerned with the last. Section 5 confers the powers to enter and authorise police to enter and search places believed to be gaming houses. This power is given to a District Magistrate, a sub-divisional magistrate or a police officer not below the rank of a sub-inspector. The officer must be satisfied, upon credible information and after such inquiry as he may think necessary that there are good grounds for belief that any place is used as a gaming liouse before he makes a search. On entry the officer is empowered to take the persons present there into custody and to search them and to search the
Rishon Chander Ve
State of Madhya adesh
Prades:
Hidayatulluh, J.
—— ee
‘Yshun Chander vv. tate of Madhya Pradesh af idayatullah, 4.
place and seize all things reasonably suspected to have been used for the purpose of gaming. Pausing here, it is clear that the power is given to superior officers who are expected to act reasonably and after due satisfaction. But the matter does not end there. After the arrests and seizures have been made the officer who entered the place and seized the articles has to satisfy the Court that his suspicions were based on reasonable grounds artd it is only then that the burden is shifted to the accused to prove his innocence. Though the word used in s. 6 is “suspecting” in actual proof this suspicion must be demonstrated to be reasunably based. The safeguards, thus, are—(a) the existence of credible information, (b) the seizure of articles suspected to be instruments of gaming which bear out the information on which action is taken, and (c) proof to the satisfaction of the Court that there are reasonable grounds for holding that the articles seized are instruments of gaming. Once the house is shown to the satisfaction of the Court to be a gaming house the law leaves any one found in it during any gaming, to explain his presence on pain of being presumed to be there for gaming.
Considering the fact that gambling is an evil and it is rampant, that gaming houses flourish as profitable business and that detection of gambling is extremely. difficult, the law to root out gambling cannot but be in the public interest. Such a law must of necessity provide for special procedure but so long as it isnot arbitrary and contains adequate safeguards it cannot be successfully assailed. In our opinion the Act with which we are concerned contains sufficient safeguards to ensure that there is no danger to any one except to those who are proved to the satisfaction of the Court to keep a gaming house or who can be presumed unless the contrary be proved to be there for the purpose of gaming. We are
1S.G.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1775 satisfied that the impugned provisions are consti- ital tutional. The appeal fails and is dismissed. Kishan ( hander State of ‘Madhya
Appeal dismissed. Pradesh Hidayatullah, J.
RAM BILAS SINGH & ORS. 1962 v. January, 29,
THE STATE OF BIHAR
(S. J. Imam, K. Suppa Rao, N. RasagoraLa Ayyana@ar, and J. R. MupHoLxaR, JJ.)
Criminal = =Trial—Unlawful — assembly—Acqutttal of accused—Conviction of less than five—Legality of—Indian Penal Code, s. 149.
The facts alleged by the prosecution were these :
The first appellant brought with him in a truck to the scene of the occurrence a mob of 40 to 50 persons including the other two appellants and four other persons who were acquitted by the trial court. The first appellant fired a shot from the gun which he was carrying which hit Laldeo Singh on the chest as a result of which he fell down. Thereupon none of the acquitted persons fired from his gun and the shot hit Laldeo Singh again. Thereupon another of the acquitted persons fired a shot at Laldeo Singh which killed him instantaneously. The first appellant fired two shots at one Deva Singh who was hit on his thigh. The other two appellants assaulted Deva Singh with lathis of the seven persons charged, four were acquitted. The appellants were convicted under s. 304 Part II read with s. 149 of the Indian Penal Code by the trial court. On appeal the High Court altered their conviction into one under 3s. 326 read with s. 149 of the Indian Penal Code but maintained the convictions under s. 147 and s. 426 of the Indian Penal Code. It was contended before the Supreme Court that as there was no appeal before the High Court against the acquittal of the four acquitted persons who were alleged to have constituted the unlawful assembly along with the appellants there could be no finding that there was an unlawful assembly of which appellants were members and therefore, were liable for the acts of other members