St. John's Teacher Training Institute(for Women), Madurai v. State Of Tamil NADU And Ors.

Judgment

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal Nos. 2914-16 of 1993 etc. etc.

From the Judgment and Order dated 23.3.1993 and 29.3 93 of the Macras High Court in W.P. Nos 15081/91, 8002/92 and 16068/91. ’ WITH Civil Appeal Nos. 2937/93 3040-40A-B/93 3026-27/93

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3108/93 -. 2982-82A/93 2983-85/93 3029-31/93 3093-94/93. 2943-44/93

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992 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1993] 3S.C.R.

2973-75193 3036-38/93 2962-64/93 3085/93 3127-29/93 3012-13/93 3018/93 2938-39/93 2980/93 2945-54/93 WITH

‘Special Leave Petition (CIVIL) Nos. 7375, 8009-11, 8108, 7416, 7560-62 OF

Shanti Bhushan, K.K. Venugopal, Soli J. Sorabjee, N. Santosh Hegde, Shivasubramaniam, K. Parasaran, P. Chidambaram, Mrs. Revathy “Raghavan, M.A. Krishna Moorthy, Kailash Vasdev, Pawan Kumar, B. Rabu Manohar, Dr. A. Francis Julian (For M/s. Arputham, Aruna and Co.), P. Chandrasekhran,

Aruneshwar Gupta, A. Chandrasekar, Pushpendra Singh Bhati, V. Ramajagadesan, V. Balachandran, V. Krishnamurthy, K.V. Vijaya Kumar, Ajit Kumar Sinha,

Selvar thenave, Martin, K.V. Mohan, R. Mohan, R. Nedumaran, and P.D. Dinakaran tor the Appellants.

P.R. Seetharaman for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

KULDIP SINGH, J. These bunch-appeals are by the Teachers Training Institutes in the State of Tamil Nadu. They claim to be the minority educational institutions in terms of Article 30(1) of the Constitution of India. The State Government has declined to recognise these institutes on the ground that they have failed to satisfy the conditions for grant of recognition as provided under the Tamil Nadu Minor- a a i { a

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TEACHERS INSTITUTE v. STATE OF TAMIL NADU (KULDIP SINGH.1.] 993 ity Schools (Recognition and Payment of Grants) Rules, 1977 as amended by the Government Order No. 536 dated May 17, 1989 and Government Order No. 661 dated June 12, 1991. (Recognition Rules)

The appellants challenged, before the Madras High Court by way of writ petilions under Article 226 of the Constitution, the validity of the Recognition Rules, inter alia, on the grounds that the said Rules are violative of Articles 30(1) and 14 of the Constitution of India. A Division Bench of the High Court consisting of M. Srinivasan and Thangamani, JI, dismissed the writ petitions. M. Srinivasan

' J... who spoke for the Bench, has given a scholarly judgment. The case-law on the subject has been dealt with in detail and.the conclusions culled out succinctly. The High Court judgment has been of utmost assistance to us. These appeals via special leave are by the Teachers Training Institutes against the judgment of the Division Bench of the High Court.

We announced our conclusions in these matters—dismissing the appeals and special leave petitions—on May 25, 1993. Now we proceed to give our reasoned judgment.

The Recognition Rules provide for instructions“and teaching practice to be followed, minimum qualifications for teaching and ‘non-teaching staff and the following additional conditions to be satisfied by a teachers training institute to qualify for grant of recognition :-

1. The Teachers Training Institute should have at least 10 acres of suitable land of its own, to be used for construction of Building for Institution and Administration and for Hostel accommodation and staff quarters and also for Play Ground purposes;

2. The Institution Building mustconsist of suitable rooms to provide for class rooms with roughly 60 sq. feet of carpel area per inmate, one Auditorium cum projection hall with an area of about 2000 Sq feet. Laboratory and Special Rooms, Library Staff-rooms separately for Men and Women staff, Principal's Room, Office Room, Store Room for Craft and Physical Education articles. Toilet facilities separately for men and women and women’s Common Room;

3. Bath rooms and tuilets should be provided, if the Institution is meant for both sexes Separate. Such facilities should be provided for cr}

Fr

SUPREME COURT REPORTS . {1993} 3 S.CLR. men and women teaching statf, non-teaching staff and men and women candidates. As far as bath rooms and toilets are concerned arrangements should be made at the rate of one for ten inmates.

4. (a) Adequate furniture and office equipment including furnitures for class rooms, Library, Laboratory and other rooms should be provided to the value of at least a lakh of rupees:

(b) Laboratory equipments worth at least a lakh of rupees should be provided tor Science, Geography, Home;

(c) Teaching appliances, audio visual aids, charts. maps etc. worth about Rs. 50.000 should be provided.

(d) Sports/Grames/Arts/Music Equipments worth about.Rs. 50,000 shouid be provided.

©) Equipment and Material for work experience worth about Rs.

50,000 should be provided.

5.Aroomwitha space of approximately 1000 sq. tt. with sutficient Storage space (o keep the equipment furnishings to organise various learning situations, and provision to observe the trainees at work in the laboratory situations, without being noticed has to be provided. Sufficient furnitures such as, working tables and almirahs should be provided.

6. Each Teacher Training Institution should have a good library with at least 10,000 volumes of back and reference books worth at least a lakh of rupees;

7. Play ground space for sports, gymnastics and other Physical Education activities with an area about 5 acres should be provided. If the Institute is meant for both sexes, another 3 acres of land should be provided exclusively for women candidates. The Play ground should be provided adjacent to the main Institution building within the campus and not in a remote place away from the Institution;

TEACHERS! INSTITUTE v. STATE OF TAMIL NADU [KULDIP SINGH. J} 995

8. At least one full fledged recognised Middle School with Standards [ to VII should be functioning under the same management of every Teacher Training Institute seeking recognition, for the purpose of providing teaching practice to the trainess. This will be a precondition even at the time of sending in applications for recognition of Teachers Training Institutes. The practical aspects of the Training will be assessed by a competent board to be constituted by the concerned authority. oO

9. (a) The need for the opening of the institution in that area will be assessed by a District Committee with a Joint Director nominated by Director of School Education as Chairman with Chief Educa-

. tional Officer and District Educational Officer/Inspectors of Girls Schools as members as the case may. This committee will submit a report about satistaction of norms based on which the competent authority will consider “Recognition” for the institution;

(b) The Authority competent to grant recognition shall take into account the need for granting such recognition to Teacher Training Institutes taking into consideration the trained-teachers already

- available and waiting for appointment and potential to.absorb the Teachers to be trained in future in the services of Government and Private Schools.

10. There should be economic strength as prescribed by the education department. The teachers training institutes should not admit more than forty students in all for the course and should not exceed this limit either in the first or second year.

It was argued before the High Court that as the minorities have atundamental right under Article 30(1) of the Constitution to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice, the conditions provided under the Recognition Rules are wholly arbitrary and have been designed to oust the appellants from the educational-fieled and the provisions regarding, having a middle school. ten acres of land, play grounds, library with 10,000 books, laboratory, hostel, staff quarters, bathrooms for students etc. etc. are so onerous that it is difficult rather impossible to comply with the same.

996 SUPREME COURT REPORTS {1993] 3S.C.R.

While dealing with the argument based on Article 30(1) of the Constitution of India the High Court discussed in detail the judgments of this Court in Kerala Education Bill[1959] SCR 995, Rev. Sidhajbhai Sabhai & Ors. v. State of Bombay and Anr,y[1963] 3 SCR 837. S Azeez Basha v. Union of Indiag 1968] 1 SCR 833s State of Kerala etc, v. Very Rev. Mother Provincial etc, [1971] 1 SCR 734; Regina v. St. Alovsius Higher Elementary School and Anr, [1971] Supp. SCR 6; The

Gandhi Faiz-e-am College, Shahjahanpur v. University of Agra and Anr. [1975].

2SCC 283; Lilly Kurian v. Sr. Lewina and Ors, (1979] 1 SCR 820:All Saints High School, Hyderabad etc. etc. v. Government of Andhra Pradesh & Ors. etc, 11980] 2 SCR 924; The Managing Board ofthe Milli Talimi Mission, Bihar Ranchi & Ors.

. The State of Bihar & Ors, [1985] 1 SCR 410; A.P. Christians Medical educational Society v. Government of Andhra Pradesh and Anr, [1986] 2 SCC 667; Frank Anthony Public School Employees Association v. Union of India and Ors, [1986] 4 SCC 707: All Bihar Christion Schools Association and Anr. v. State of Bihar and Ors [1988] 1 SCC 206; St. Stephen’s College v.. The University of DelhgJT [1991] 4SC $48: Unni Krishnan and Anr. v. State of Andhra Pradesh and Ors. Writ Petition (C) No. 607/92 decided on February 4, 1993 and The Ahmedabad Si. Xaviers College Society & Anr. etc. v. State of Gujarat and Anr,{1975] 1 SCR

173. On the analysis of the above judgments the High Court “culled-out the following principles :-

**1) The fundamental right declared by Article 30(1) of the Constitution is absolute in terms, but subject to regulatory measures;

2) There is no fundamental right under Article 19(1) (g) of the Constitution to establish or administer an educational institution, if recognition is sought therefor; ,

3) The institutions must be educational institutions of the minorities in truth and reality and not mere masked phantoms, —

4) There is no fundamental right to recognition and any institution seeking recognition should abide by the regulations prescribed by the State as conditions therefor;

5) The minority institutions must be fully equipped with educational excellence to keep in step with other institutions in the State;

6) The regulations framed by the State cannot abridge the fundamental right of the minorities and they should be in the interests of

TEACHERS’ INSTITUTE v. STATE OF TAMIL NADU [KULDIP SINGHJ.} 997 the minority institutions themselves and not based on State necessity or general societal necessities;

7) The regulations should be with a view to promoting excellence of educational standards and ensuring security of the services of teachers and others employees of the institutions and in the true interests of efficiency of institutions, discipline, health, sanitation, morality. public order and the like:

8) Even unaided institutions are not immune trom the operations of general laws of the Jand such as Contract Law, Tax measures, Economic Laws, Social Welfare Legislations Labour and Industrial Laws and similar other Jaws which are intended to meet the need of the Society,

No fault can be found with the above quoted legal principles enunciated by the High Court. Mrs. Kitty Kumar Manglam. Mr. Shanti Bhushan, Mr. K.K. ~

Venugopal, Mr. K. Parasaran, Mr. P. Chindambram and other learned counsel

_appearing for the appellants fairly conceded that the High Court has correctly summed-up the conclusions arising out of the i interpretation of Article 30(1) of the

Constitution of India.

Before dealing with the Recognition Rules the High Court referred to the Guidelines framed pursuant to the National Educational Policy introduced in the year 1986, the recommendations of the Education Commission (1964-1966), the role of the National Council for Teacher Education under the National Council of Educational Research and Training, the views of various eminent educationists and came to the conclusion that there is a need for drastic change in the basic

‘concept of teachers training in the country. Comprehensive overhauling of administrative structure of these institutions was urgently needed. The High Court dealt-with in detail the revised syllabus for the diploma in teacher education course and also the curriculum of the institutes of Education Training set up by the Tamil Nadu Government which shows that the State of Tamil Nadu is in the process of overhauling the methodology of teaching and administration of the teachers training institutes in the State of Tamil Nadu. The High Court referred to various judgments of this Court wherein the importance of teacher training and need to uplift the standard of such institutions was repeatedly highlighted.

The High Court rightly emphasised the need for maintaining very high - standards of Education, Sports, adminiswation and maintenance of the Teachers

998 ; SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1993] 3S.C.R.

‘Training Institutes. These Institutions are established with the avowed object of ‘training teachers and educationists who have to shoulder the responsibility of moulding the nation. This Court in N.M. Nageshwaramma v. State of Andhra —

Pradesh & Anr. [1986] Supp SCC 166 observed as under :-

“The Teachers Training Institutes are meant to teach children of ‘ impressionable age and we cannot let loose. on the innocent and unwary children, teachers who have not received proper and adequate training. True they will be required to pass the examination but that may not be enough. Training for acertain minimum period in a properly organised and equipped Training Institute is probably essential before a teacher may be duly launched.” - Jagannatha Shetty, J. speaking for this Court in Andhra Kesari Education Society v. Director of Schogl Education & Ors. J.T. (1988) 4 S.C. 431 observed as under: : oo

“Though teaching is the last choice in the job market, the role of teacher is central to all processes of formal education. The teacher alone could bring out the skills and intellectual capabilities of - students. He is the “engine” of the educational system. He is a principal instrument in awakening the child to cultural values. He needs to be endowed and energised with needed potential to deliver — enlightened service expected of him. His quality should be such as would inspire and motivate into action the benefitter. He must keep himself.abreast of ever changing conditions. He is not to perform in a wooden and unimaginative way. He must eliminate fissipasrous tendencies and attitudes and intuse nobler and national ideas in younger minds. His involvement in national integration is more ' important, indeed indispensable. It is. therefore. needless to state that teachers should be subjected to rigorous training with rigid scrutiny of efficiency. It has greater relevance to the needs of the day. The ill trained or sub-standard teachers would be detrimental to our educational system; if not a punishment on our children. The

Government and the University must, therefore, take care to see that ° inadequacy in the training of teachers is not compounded by any extraneous consideration.”

In State of Maharashtra v. Vikas Sahebrao Roundale & Ors..3.T (1992) 5

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TEACHERS INSTITUTE v. STATE OF TAMIL NADU [KULDIP SINGH] 999 S.C. 175, K. Ramaswamy, J. speaking for this Court observed as under :-

“The teacher plays pivotal role in moulding the career, character and moral fibres and aptitude for educational excellence in impressive young children. The formal education needs proper equipment by ‘the teachers to meet the challenges of the day to impart lessons with latest technics to the students on secular, scientific and rational outlook. A well cquipped teacher could bring the needed skills and intellectual capabilitics of the students in their pursuits. The teacher is adorned as Gurudevobhava, next after parents, as he is a Principal instrument to awakening the child to the cultural ethos, intellectual excellence and discipline. The teachers, therefore, must keep abreast ever changing technics, the needs.of the society and to cope up with the psychological approach to the aptitudes of the children to perform that pivotal role. In short-teachers need to be endowed and energised with needed potential to serve the needs of the society. The qualitative training in the training colleges or schools would inspire and motivate them into action to the benefit of the students. For equipping such trainee students in a school or a college all facilities and equipments are absolutely necessary and institutions bereft thereof have no place to exist nor entitled to recognition. In that behalf compliance of the statutory requirement is insisted upon. Slackening the standard and judicial fiat to control the mode of education and examining system are detrimental to the efficient management of the education.”

The teacher-education progranune has to be redesigned to bring in a system of education which can prepare the student-teacher to shoulder the responsibility of imparting education with a living dynamism. Education being closely interre-.

lated to life the well trained teacher can instill anesthetic excellence in the lite of his pupil. The traditional, stereotyped, lifeless and dull pattern of “chalk, talk and teach” method has to be replaced by a more vibrant system with improved methods of teaching, to achieve qualitative excellence in teacher-education.

Keeping in view the National Policy of Education, the Government of Tamil Nadu has published, a revised syllabus for the diploma in teacher education course, in the Government Gazette of August 15, 1990. The aims and objectives of the said syalibus and curriculum as given by the State of Tamil Nadu are ay under:-

1000 SUPREME COURT REPORTS _ [1993] 3S.C.R.

“A sound Programme of Elementary Teacher Education is inevitable for the qualitative improvement of Education. Education must become an effective instrument of social change and the part played _.

by the teacher should be suitable and significant for this purpose. The gap between the Teacher Education curriculum and the schoo! curriculum has to be minimised for enabling the teachers to act as agents of social change which necessitates that the education imparted in schools has relevance to the personal as well as social life of individuals and to “the needs and aspirations of the people. In order to be a catal yst in the procees of developing a citizen who is productive and who believes in social justice and national integration, the teacher himself needs to become such a citizen through appropriate learning experience.”

The High Court has examined the legality of the impugned Recognition Rules in the above background. It has discussed in detail the object and utility of laying down the impugtied conditions for recognition. The High Court has found that none of the conditions infract Articles 14 and Article 30(1) of the Constitution of India. We agree with the reasoning and the conclusions reached by the High Court. This Court cannot go into the question as to whether a Teachers Training Institute should be set up on a campus consisting of 10 acres or 5 acres. It is also

_, hol for this Court to lay down the sizes of the class rooms. laboratories, number of toilets or the number of books to be kept in the library. It is entirely for the State

Government to lay down the requirements of a teachers training institute campus.

The learned Advocate General appearing for the State of Tamil Nadu has contended that the Recognition Rules are also applicable to Government run teachers training institutes and also to the institutes which are Government-aided.

According to him the new Recognition Policy of the Government ‘has been designed with the object of closing the “teaching shops” and encouraging the genuine institutions. According to him the policy is based on the guidelines issued by the Central Government from time to ime. He further stated that the condition of having an area of 10 acres for the campus has now been reduced to five acres in case of the institutions which are set up within the area of Municipal Corporation, He has clarified that the only requirement for setting up the library is that it must have reference buoks worth at least a lakh of rupees. According to him the number of toilets, bathrooms etc. and other conditions regarding the institutebuilding are in the nature of guidelines and are to be substantially complied with. On our suggestion the learned Advocate General has agreed to commend to the Stale Government, not to insist on additional 3 acres of land in case of co- ° 0

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TEACHERS’ INSTITUTE v. STATE OF TAMIL NADU [KULDIP SINGH. J.J 1001 educational institutes in case these institutes are having LO acres/5 acres of area as provided under the Recognitiun Rules.

Mr. Shanti Bhushan appearing in civil appeals arising out of Special Leave

Petitions No. 6762-63/93 has contended that the appellants institutes started .

functioning in the year 1984. They were refused recognition and as such they challenged the order by way of a writ petition before the High Court. The learned counsel has invited our attention to the judgment of the High Court dated November 3, 1987 in the said writ petition wherein it is held as under :-

“Consequently, the orders of the respondents 2 and 3 are set aside, a writ of mandamus will issue directing the third respondent to grant recognition to the petitioner-institute with effect from 27th September, 1984. This writ petition is allowed with costs.~

Mr. Shanti Bhushan contended that the impugned Recognition Rules cannot be made applicable to the institutions which have already been established and given recognition by the State Government under directions of the Court. Relying upon the above quoted judgment of the High Court learned counsel has contended that his clients were given recognition with effect from 1984 under the directions of the igh Court and as such the impugned Recognition Rules which came into force in the year 1989 cannot be made applicable to them. It is not disputed by Mr. Shanti Bhushan that under the directions of the High Court temporary recognition was given to nis clients, though according to him the order of the Government granting temporary recognition was challenged before the High Court-and the said petition was also disposed of by the impugned judgment. We see no force in the contention of the learned counsel. All those institutes which did not have permangnt recognition before the issue of the Recognition Rules are bound to compiy with the said conditions before they are entitled to permanent recognition. The High Court was justified in holding that the institutions which were operating on the basis of temporary recognitions, either under the orders of the Courts or otherwise, shall to comply with the recognition rules to enable them to earn recognition. :

Mr. K.K. Venugopal contended that a distinction has to be made between the institutions which are functioning earlier to the coming into force of the recognition rules and those which have applied for recognition for the first time. According to him change-over period should be given to the existing institutes which are functioning on the basis of temporary recognition. We do notagree with Mr. Venugopal. The training institutes which are functioning on the basis of

1002 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ~ 1993) 3 S.C.R.

lemporary recognitions are neither properly organised nor fully equipped to train the teachers. These institutes have done more harm than good to the cause of education.

Mr. Venugopal and Mr. K. Parasaran have further argued that the students who have already taken the examinations, their results be directed to be declared | and if successful, certificates be awarded to them. Mr. Chindambram, appearing for some of the appellants, has argued that there are students who have already taken the examination and their results have also been declared but they have not been given certificates on the ground that the institutes which sponsored them have not been recognised.

It is no-doubt correct that temporary recognitions have been granted to some of the institutions either under the orders of the Court or otherwise and the students of such institutions were permitted to write the examinations. In number of cases under orders of the Court permission to the students to write the examinations have been given. The High Court also directed in some cases to publish the résults of the students who wrote the examination in April 1992. All these situations were

_brought to the notice of the High Court in Writ Petition No. 3674 of 1992 and Writ

Petition No. 5469 of 1993 which were heard together. The High Court refused to’ grant relief to the students who had written the examination or who had passed the examination and were being denied the certificates. The High Court observed as under : ; ,

“Based on the above orders, learned counsel for the petitioner .

contends that the students of the petitioner-Institution have validly written the examination when the order of recognition was in force and the results of the examination have already been published.

pursuant to the orders of this Court. It is contended that the students of the petitioner are certainly entitled to the consequential relief of issue of certificates. Another interlocutory application is now filed in WMP No. 5469 of 1993 on 22.2.93 for a direction to the third respondent to publish the: results of the students who wrote the

_ examination held in July 1992. In‘similar cases, we have given directions to the authorities to publish the results. But, we have taken care to observe that such publication of results will not confer any right on the students as the Institutions have not complied with the rules framed in GO Ms. No. 536, They cannot take advantage of the interim orders passed by this Court directing the Government to grant temporary recognition. Orders of such temporary recognition fr

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TEACHERS’ INSTITUTE v. STATE OF TAMIL NADU [KULDIP SINGH, }.] 1003 are expressly made subject to the result of the main writ petitions. Now, we have held that GO Ms. No. 536 is valid and the orders of temporary recognition will not confer any other remedies on the students of the petitioner. So far as these institutions are concerned, they should be treated only as non-recognised. Just because the students have written the examinations and results are published, they are not entitled to any further relief. The writ petition is - dismissed with the above observations”.

It has come to the notice of this Court that many institutions claiming themselves to be minority institutions within the meaning of Article 30(1) of the —

Constitution, invoke the jurisdiction of the High Court under Article 226 or of this Court under Article 32 for a writ of mandamus to recognise the institutions in question as minority institutions and pending the final disposal of such applications, an interim direction is sought to allow the students of such institutions to appear at the examinations concerned. In connection with such interim prayer, this

“Court in the case of A.P. Christians Medical Educational Society v. Government of Andhra Pradesh (supra) said :-

“Shri K.K. Venugopal, learned counsel for the students who have been admitted into the MBBS course of this institution, pleaded that the interests of the students should not be sacrificed because of the conduct or folly of the management and that they should be permitted to appear at the University examination notwithstanding the circumstance that permission and affiliation had not been granted to the institution. He invited our attention to the circumstance that students of the Medical college established by the Daru Salam Educational! Trust were permitted to appear at the examination notwithstanding the fact that affiliation had not by then been granted by the University. Shri Venugopal suggested that we might issue appropriate directions to the University to protect the interests of the students. We do not think that we can possibly accede to the

. request made by shri Venugopal on behalf of the students. Any direction of the nature sought by Shri Venugopal would be in clear transgression of the provisions of the University Act and the regulations of the University. We cannot by our fiat direct the University to disobey the statute to which it owes its existence and the regulations made by the University itself. We cannot imagine anything more destructive of the rule of law that a direction by the court to disobey the laws.”

~ 1004 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1993] 3S.C.R.

a In view of the aforesaid pronouncement of this Court, the High Court should not have passed, interim order directing the respondents to allow the teachers of unreco gnised institutions to appear at the examinations in question. Such teachers cannot derive any benefit on basis of such interim orders, when ultimately the main

. writ applications have been dismissed by the High Court, which order is being affirmed by this Court. The same view has been expressed by this Court, in connection with.the minority unrecognised teachers training institutions in the

State of Tamil Nadu itself, in the case of State of Tamil Nadu and others v. St.

Joseph Teachers Training Institute and another [1991] 3'SCC 87. As such no

“equity or legal right can be pleaded on behaif of the Teachers admitted for training by such minority institutions, for publication of their results, because they were allowed to appear at the examinations concerned, during the pendency of the writ applications before the High Court, on basis of interim orders passed by the High Court; which were in conflict with the view expressed by this Court in the aforesaid cases.

We see no ground to differ with the view taken by the High Court. This court in N.M. Nageshramma ’s case (supra) has held that training in a properly organised and equipped training institute is essential before a candidate becomes qualified to receive teachers training certificate. Simply passing the examination is not enough. The future teachers of the country must pass. through the institutions which have maintained standards of excellence, at all levels.

Wesee so ground to interfere with the impugned judgment of the High Court. We agree with the views expressed by the High Court on various aspects of teachers training institutes. We also agree with the reasoning and the conclusions reached by the High Court. ,

Before we part with this judgment we consider it necessary to strike a note of caution in respect of passing of interim orders by Courts directing the students of unrecognised institutions, to appear at the examinations concerned. In view of the series of judgments of this Court, the Courts should not issue fiat to allow the

Students of unrecognised institutions to appear at the different examinations pending the disposal of the writ applications. Such interim orders affect the careers of several students and cause unnecessary embarrassment and harassment to the | authorities, who have to comply with such directions of the Court. It is a matter of common knowledge that as a part of strategy, such writ applications for directions to recognise the institutions in question and in the meantime to allow the students to appear at the examinations are filed only when the dates for examinations are notified. Many of such institutions are not only “masked phantoms” but are

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TEACHERS' INSTITUTE +. STATE OF TAMIL NADU [KULDIP SINGH, J.] 1005 established as business ventures for admitting sub-standard students, without any competitive tests, on basis of considerations which cannot serve even the interest of the minority. There is no occasion for the Courts to be liberal or generous, while passing interim orders, when the main writ applications have been filed only when the dates for the examination have been announcéd. In this process, students without knowing the design of the organisers of ‘such institutions, become victim of their manipulations.

‘The appeals/special leave petitions are dismissed. No costs.

RP. : Appeals dismissed.