1954” Dhirendra Kumar Mandal v. The Superintendent and’
Remembrancer. of Legal Affairs. to the. Government of.
West Bengal, and‘ Another.
May 5
238° SUPREME: COURT REPORTS [1955}-
The result therefore is that the trial of the appellant . after the 26th January, 1950, by the Sessions Judge with the aid of assessors. was bad and must therefore: be quashed and the conviction set aside. In our opin-. ion, it would not advance the ends of justice if at this: stage a fresh trial by jury is ordered in this case. We> 4 therefore allow the appeal, set aside the conviction of the appellant and direct that he be set free. y r OY Appeal allowed. °
NAR SINGH AND ANOTHER uv. AL e
THE STATE OF UTTAR PRADESH. {Muxueryea, Vivian Bosz and Guutam Hasan JJ.]
Constitution of India—Articles 134(1) (c) and 136(1)—Certificate by High Court wrongly granted under art. 134(1)(c) under . wrong view of law—Interference by Supreme Court—Special Leave under art. 136(1).
Out of 24 persons originally tried under sections 302/149 etc. I.P.C. only three were ultimately convicted by the High Court>- The High Court however by mistake convicted N, one of the three, whom it meant to acquit. Later, it communicated its mistake to Government. Government passed orders remitting the sentence } mistakenly passed on N and directed his release. N and the other two convicts presented an application under article 134(1)(c) for a -—_ certificate. The High Court granted a certificate to N considering that otherwise the stigma of the charge of murder might affect him adversely in the future. As regards the other two, there was nothing in their cases to warrant the issue of a certificate but the High Court granted them a certificate thinking that it was bound to do so because article 134{1)(c) speaks of a “case” and the only _£ case before it was the appeal as a whole.
Held, a 1) that the view of the High Court was wrong because the word “case” used in article 134(1)(c) means the cau of each individual person. W
. (2) That the High Court had misdirected itself about the: law in respect of the two convicts and did not exercise the discretion vested in it thinking either that it had no discretion in the matter or that its discretion was fettered and therefore the Supreme Co having general’ powers of .judicial superintendence over all Com in India was bound to interfere. u
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-§, CR. .SUPREME COURT REPORTS 239,
' (3) The appeal must fail as the certificate under article 134(1)(0) 1954 was wrongly granted and in view of the facts the case was not : . .& proper one for special leave under article 136(1). .. Nay Singh and
Subhanand Chowdhury v. Apurba Krishna Mitra (119401 F.C.R. A nother 31), Banarsi Parshad y. Kashi Krishna (28 I.A. 11 at 13), Radhakrishna Ayyar v. Swaminatha Ayyar {48 1.A. 31 at 34); Radha The state of Uttar Krishn Das v. Rai Krishn Chand (28 1.A. 182 at 183), Swaminarayan Pradesh. Jethalal y. Acharya Devendraprasadji (A.1.R.-1946 P.C. 100, 109), . Bhagbati Dei v. Muralidhar Sahu (A.1.R. 1943 P.C. 106, 108) and Brij Indar Singh vy. Kanshi Ram (I.L.R. 45 Gal. 94, 107) . referred to. CRIMINAL APPELLATE J URISDICTION : : - Criminal Appeal No. 4 of 1952.
Appeal under Article 134(1)(¢) of the Constitution , of India from the Judgment and Order dated the 7th May, 1951, of the High Court of -Judicature ~ at Altahabad in Criminal Appeal No. 350 of 1950 -arising out of the Judgment and Order dated:the 9th March, 1950, of the Court of the Additional Sessions Judge, Etah in Sessions Trials Nos. 127 of 1949 and 10 of 1950. .
S. P. Verma for the appellant. C. P. Lal for the respondent.
1954. May 5. The Judgment of the Court was ~ delivered by
Boss J. —Twenty-four persons, among them the two _ appellants, were tried for offences under sections 148, _
307/149 and 302/149, Indian Penal Code. Sixteen were acquitted and the remaining eight were convicted. On appeal to the High Court five more were acquitted and the only ones whose convictions were upheld were the two appellants, Nar Singh and Roshan Singh, and one . - Nanhu Singh. :
By a curious misreading of the evidence this N anhu Singh was mixed up with Bechan Singh. What the High Court really meant to do was to convict Bechan- Singh and acquit Nanhu Singh. Instead of that they acquitted Bechan Singh and convicted Nanhu Singh. As soon as the learned High Court Judges realised their mistake they communicated with the State Government and an order was thereupon passed by that Government remitting the sentence mistakenly passed mS on Nanhu and directing that he be released. |
240 SUPREME COURT REPORTS {1955},
1954 "This occasioned an application under article 134(1) “Nar Singh and (Cc) of the Constitution by Nanhu Singh and the two » Anotter appellants Nar Singh and Roshan Singh for a certificate. The State of | Uwer The High Court rightly considered that the certificate Pradesh _ should issue in the case of Nanhu Singh because, des- Bose 7. pite the remission of his sentence by the State Govern- 7 ment and his release, his conviction on, among other things, a charge of murder still stood, and the High + Court, understandably, thought that the stigma of that might affect him adversely in the future. As regards the other two, there was nothing in their cases to warrant the issue of a certificate but the learned High Court Judges thought (wrongly in our opinion) that they were bound to do so ‘because article 134(1) (c) speaks of a “case” and they considered that the only “case” before them was the appeal as a whole. That, ~ in our opinion, is wrong. “Case” as used there means the case of each individual person. That would be so even if the trial had been by the High Court itself but it is even more so on appeal because, though several persons may join in presenting a common memorandum of appeal (if the Rules of the Court in question so permit), the appeal of each forms a separate “case” for those purposes. That is obvious from the fact that every person who is convicted need not appeal nor need several convicts appeal at the same time under ‘a joint memorandum ; and if it’ were necessary to send -up the “case” as a whole in the sense which the learn- a ed High Court Judges contemplate, it would be necessary, to join even those who were acquitted so that the
“case” (in that sense) could be reviewed in its entirety. We are clear that that is not the meaning of the word 4 in the context of article 134(1) and that the High Court was wrong in thinking that it was. —
. Having obtained the certificate Nanhu did not appeal and the only ones who have come up here are the two convicts. Had they ‘come up independently and pre ¥ sented a petition for special leave under article 136 their petition would at once have been dismissed ‘because there is nothing special in their cases to justify an appeal under that article. The evidence agains them is clear and it has been believed, accordingly, following our usual rule, we would have rejected the
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S.C.R. SOPREME COURT REPORTS 241 petition in limine. But, it was contended on their 1954 behalf that having obtained a certificate we have now — become an ordinary Court of appeal and are bound to ™ a Singh and hear their case as an appellate Court both on facts and v. _on Jaw.’ Reliance was placed on a decision of the rye state of uttar Federal Court reported in -Subhanand Chowdhary v. Pradesh. Apurba Krishna Mitra(*). “
We do not think the judgment of the Federal Court can be applied to this case. It deals with section 205 of the Government of India Act, 1935, covering a different subject and does not use the same or similar words.
This Court has general powers of judicial superintendence over all Courts in India and “is = theultimate interpreter and guardian of the Constitution. It has a duty to see that its provisions are faithfully observed ’ and, where necessary, to expound them. Article 134(1) (c) uses the same language as article 133(1)(c). A certificate is required under article 133(1) in each of the four cases set out there but the mere grant of the certificate would not preclude this Court from determining whether it was rightly granted and whether the conditions prerequisite to the grant are“ satisfied. In the case of clause (c) both of article 133(1) and article 134(1), the only condition isthe discretion of the High Court but the discretion is a judicial one and must be judicially exercised along the well established lines which govern these matters (see Banarsi Parshad v. Kashi Krishna (?); algo the certificate must. — show on the face of it that the discretion conferred was © invoked and exercised: Radhakrishna Ayyar v. Swaminatha Ayyar (*) and Radha Krishn Das v. Rai Krishn Chand (*). If itis properly exercised on well established and proper lines, then, as in all questions where an — exercise of discretion is involved, there would be no interference except on very strong -grounds: Swaminarayan Jethalal v. Acharya Devendraprasadji (°) and Bhagbats Dei v. Muralidhar Sahu (°).. But if, on the face of the order, it is apparent that the Court has mis- directed itself and considered that its discretion was -
Bose J.
(x) [1940] F.C.R. 31. (4) 28 LA. 182 at 183. (2) 28 LA. 11 at 13. (5) A.LR. 1946 P.C. 100, 102,
(3) 48 LA. 31 at 34. _. (6) ALR. 1943 P,C, 106, 108 3t .
+
S.G.R SUPREME COURT REPORTS 241 petition in imine. But, it was contended on_ their behalf that having obtained a certificate we have now become an ordinary Court of appeal and are bound to hear their case as an appellate Court both on facts and on jaw. Reliance was placed on a decision of the Federal Court reported in Subhanand Chowdhary v. Apurba Krishna Mitra(’).
We do not think the judgment of the Federal Court can be applied to this case. It deals with section 205 of the Government of India Act, 1935, covering a different subject and does not use the same or similar words.
This Court has general powers of judicial superintendence over all Courts in India and is the ultimate interpreter and guardian of the Constitution. It has a duty to see that its provisions are faithfully observed and, where necessary, to expound them. Article 134(1) (c) uses the same language as article 133(1) (c). A certificate is required under article 133(1) in each of the four cases set out there but the mere grant of the certificate would not preclude this Court from determining whether it was rightly granted and whether the conditions prerequisite to the grant are satisfied. In the case of clause (c) both of article 133(1) and article 134(1), the only condition is the discretion of the High Court but the discretion is a judicial one and must be judicially exercised along the well established lines which govern these matters (see Banarsi Parshad v. Kashi Krishna(*) 3 also the certificate must show on the face of it that the discretion conferred was invoked and exercised: Radhakrishna Ayyar v. Swaminatha Ayyar(®) and Radha Krishn Das v. Raj Krishn Chand(* ). IE it is properly exercised on well established and proper lines, then, as in all questions where an exercise of discretion is involved, there would be no interference except on very strong grounds: Swaminarayan Jethalal v. Acharya Devendraprasadji(®) and Bhagbati Dei v. Muralidhar Sahu(®). But if, on the face of the order, it is apparent that the Court has misdirected itself and considered that its discretion was
(1) [1940] F.C.R. 31. (4) 28 L.A. 182 at 183, (2) 28 LA, 11 at 13, (5) ALR, 1946 P.C, 100, 102. (3) 48 LA, 31 at 34. (6) A.LR. 1943 P.C. 106, 108.
Nar Singh and Another.
Ve ‘ The State of Uttat Pradesh,
Bose f.
Nar Singh and Another
. wv, The State of Uttar Pradesh.
Bose 7.
242 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1955]
fettered when it was not, or that it had none, then the superior Court must either remit the case or exercise the discretion itself: Briz Indar Singh v. Kanshi Ram(*). These are the well-known lines on which questions of discretion are dealt with in the superior Courts and they apply with as much force to certificates under article 134(1) (c) as elsewhere.
In the present case, the learned High Court Judges thought they had no option. They misdirected themselves about the law and as a consequence did not exercise the discretion which is vested in them. They are quite clear as to what they would have done if, in their judgment, the law had left them scope for the exercise of any discretion, for they say—
“Ordinarily no certificate can be granted to them as there is nothing of an exceptional nature in their cases.”
We hold therefore that the certificate was wrongly granted to the appellants and will treat their case as one under article 136(1) for special leave.
Regarded from that angle, this is not a proper case for special leave. The High Court gives a clear finding that there were more than five persons and believes the eye-witnesses who identify the two appellants. The mere fact that only two out of the band of attackers were satisfactorily identified does not weaken the force of the finding that more than five were involved. The use of section 149, Indian Penal Code, was therefore justified and the convictions are proper.
We see no reason to interfere with the sentences. A number of persons joined in an attack at two in the morning on helpless persons who were asleep in bed. At least one of the assailants was armed either with a gun or a pistol, He shot one man dead and attempted to murder another, and the band looted their property. The sentences of two years, four years and transporta- tion are therefore not severe and call for no review.
The appeal fails and is dismissed. Appeal dismissed.
(1) LL.R. 45 Cal. 94, 107.
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