Dr. Sailendra NATH Sinha And Another v. Jasoda Dulal Adhikari And Another

Judgment

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeaf No. 28 of 1956.

Appeal by special leave from the, judgment and order dated June 21, 1954, of the Calcutta High Court in Criminal Revision No. 811 of 1953.

September rr.

Dr. Saslencra Nath Sinha & Another v. faseda Dulal Adhihkant & Another

Kapur f.

°

Ranadeb Choudhury and P. K. Chhttterjee, for the appellants. :

B. Sen and P. K. Bose, for the respondents.

1958. September 11. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by :

Kapor J.—This appeal by special leave raises a question of interpretation of s. 237 of the Indian Companies Act. Appellant No. 1 is one of the past directors of the Bank of Commerce Ltd., now in liquidation and appellant No. 2 was its Managing Director. The Bank was ordered to be wound up by the High Court of Caleutta on August 7, 1950, and one G. K. Dutt, Bar-at-law was appointed its Official Liquidator but on September 7, 1950, the Official Receiver was appointed in place of Dutt. On July 23, 1952, respon. dent No. 1 filed in Court of the Pr esidenev Magistrate a complaint against the appellant under ss. 1203, 406, 467, 477A, Indian Penal Code and 182A of the Indian Companies Act and stated that he was doing so under the authority of the official liquidator and the official liquidator had obtained the directions of the High Court to file the complaint. On May 5, 1953, the appellant applied to the Presidency Magistrate for dismissal of the complaint as being without the sanction of the Company Judge and therefore the official liquidator in his official capacity was incompetent to prefer the complaint, being the creation of the statute he could only act within the four corners of the statute. He possessed only those powers which the statute conferred on him. This application was dismissed by the Presidency Magistrate on June 13, 1953.

The appellant then applied to the High Court for qnashing the criminal proceedings on the ground that the prosecution was ab initio void because of the absence of prior direction judicially given by the High Court under s. 237(1) of the Indian Companies Act. The High Court found against the appellants and discharged the rule. The learned Chief Justice held that the pfovisions of s. 237(1) are no bar to a prosecn.tion by*the liquidator; that under s. 237(1) there is “nothing inthe nature of a judicfal procéedings ” ;

° that it could*not be said that the order was not a valid direction under s. 237(1).. He said:

“There can be no question in the present case that the relevant facts were all placed before the Company Judge, because they are all set out in the report of Adhikary and the affidavits annexed thereto to which the order expressly refers and with reference to which the liberty to bring legal proceedings was expressly given. In view of those circumstances, it is impossible to say that the Company Court had not before it all the facts on which the prosecution is based or that it did not apply its mind to the considerations relevant to section 237(1)”’. He also held that clause (a) of s. 179 empowers the liquidator to institute or defend legal proceedings in the name of the company and that it was expressly concerned with the powers of the liquidator whereas s. 237 dealt with the powers of the Court to give directions. P. B. Mukherji J. gave a concurring judgment. After referring to the history of s. 237, hé held that under that section the Company Judge can act ex parte and it was not necessary for him to hear a director or an officer of the company complained against and that direction given under that section was not a condition precedent to a prosecution by the official liquidator nor is it the intention of that section to impinge on the powers of a criminal court under the Code of Criminal Procedure. Leave to appeal having been refused by the Calcutta High Court, the appellants have come to this Court in pursuance of special ledve.

On the application of the official liquidator Bachawat J. an January 15, 1951, made an order which must be taken to be one under 8.179. In this order it was said :

“ And it is further ordered that the said applicant be at liberty to institute or defend any suit or prosecution, or other legal proceedings, civil or criminal in the name and on behalf of the said Bank and to continue all pending suits and execution proceedings

Dy. Sailendva Nath Sinha & Another . vv. jasoda Dulal Adhikari &- Another

Kapur f.

by or against the said Bank and for that purpose to , engage advocates, Vakils and other lawyers and to

Dr. Sailendra Nath pay out of the assets of the said Bank { his hands all costs of and incidental to such suits, prosecutions

} . . ° 33 Sinka & Another @NG/or legal proceedings ”.

v. jasoda Dulal Adhikart & Another

Kapur fj.

On July 22, 1952, the official liquidator obtained the order from Bannerji J. which the High Court has held, ‘and in our opinion rightly, to be an order *under 8, 237(1) of the Indian Companies Act. This order said :

“Tt is ordered that the said applicant be at liberty to take such civil or criminal proceedings as he may think necessary over the report of the said Jasoda Dulal Adhikary read with the affidavits of H. Sen Gupta and Nepal Chandra Adhikary read with the affidavits of H. Sen Gupta and Nepal Chandra Mitra as set out in the said Exhibit “A” ”’. .

The passage already quoted from the judgment of the learned Chief Justice shows that all the relevant facts were before the Company Judge, as they were all set out in the affidavits placed betore him. The complaint was then filed on July 23, 1952. During the pendengy of the complaint the appellants took an appeal against ° the order of the Company Judge dated July 22, 1952, but it was dismissed oy the objection taken by the liquidator that it was an administrative order and not a judicial order.

On August 5, 1953, the official liquidator took out misfeasance proceedings under s. 235 of the Companies Act and the appellants then applied to the High Court for quashing the criminal proceedings already started on the ground of commencement of proceedings under s. 235. This application was also heard with the rule which was issued on June 29, 1953, and it was dismissed by the same judgment by which the rule was discharged, i. e., of June 21, 1954.

The general scheme of the Companies Act is that the Court should have complete control of all proceed. ings in winding up and it was therefore urged that the official liquidator was not authorised to do anything either without the sanction of the Court or without its directions. Section 179 deals with the powers of official

* liquidator. It provides : . .

e

“The offitial liquidator shall have power, with 1958 the sanction of the court, to dg¢the following things : Dr. Setlendva Nath (a) to institute or defend any suit @ prosecution cjyha & Another or other legal proceeding, civil or criminal inthe name v. and on behalf of the company ;............ ” Jasoda Dulal

Under s. 180 the Court may provide that the official aiid liquidator may exercise any of the powers given under __ s. 179 without the sanction or intervention of the Kapur J. Court. Section 183 deals with the exercise and control of liquidator’s powers. Sub-section 3 authorises him to apply to the Court for directions in relation to any particular matter arising in the winding up. Subsection 4 is a provision under which the official liquidator is entitled to use his own discretion in the administration of the assets of the company and in the distribution amongst the creditors. Sub-section 5 provides : “Tf any person is aggrieved by any act or decision of the official liquidator, that person may apply to the Cgurt and the Court may confirm, reverse or modify * the act or decision complained of, and make such order as it thinks just in the circumstances ”’.

These provisions show thates. 179 deals with the powers of the liquidator.

Under s. 235 the Court has the power to assess damages against delinquent directors and the Court may on the application of the liquidator or a creditor or a contributory examine into the conduct of a director and compel him to pay or restore money or property or to contribute such sum to the assets of the company by way of compensation in respect of any misfeasance on his part and this power may be exercised irrespective of the criminal liability of the director. Section 237

‘deals with prosecution of delinquent directors and the relevant portion of this section is:

(1) “If it appears to the Court in the course of a winding up by, or subject to the supervision of, the Court, that any past or present director, manager or other officer, or any member, of the company has been guilty of any offence in relation tothe company for which he.is criminally liable, the Court may, either on °

161 . .

Dr. Satlendra Nath Sinha & Another v. Jasoda Dulai Adhtkari & Another

Kapur fj.

the application of any person interested*in the winding up or of its own motiom, direct the liquidator either himself to prosecute the offender or to refer the matter to the registrar.

(2) If it appears to the liquidator in the course of a voluntary winding up that any past or present director, manager or other officer, or any member of the company has been guilty of any offence in relation to the company for which he is criminally liable, he shall forthwith report the matter to the registrar and shall furnish to him such information and give to him such access to and facilities for inspecting and taking copies of any documents, being information or documents in the possession or under the control of the liquidator relating to the matter in question, as de may require.

(3) Where any report is made under sub-section (2) to the registrar, he may, if he thinks fit, refer the matter to the Central Government for further enquiry, and the Central Government shall theraupon investigate the matter and may, if they think it expedient, apply to the Court for an order conferring on any person designated by the Central Government for the purpose with respect tothe company concerned 4ll such powers of investigating the affairs of the company as are provided by this Act in the case of a winding up by the Court.

(4) Ifon any report to the registrar under subs. 2 it appears to him that the case is not one in which proceedings ought to be taken by him, he shall] inform the liquidator accordingly, and thereupon, “subject to the previous sanction of the Court, the liquidator may himself take proceedings against the offender.

(5) lf it appears tothe Court in the course of voluntary winding up that any past or present director, manager or other officer, or any member, of the company has been guilty as aforesaid, and that no report with respect to the matter has been made by the liquidator to the registrar, the Court may, on the application of any person interested in the winding up or of its’ own motion, direct the liquidator to make such a report, and on a report being maade accordingly, e the provisions® of this section shall have effect as 1958 though the report has been made in pursuance of the oi, wath provisions of sub-section (2). Sinko S Another

(6) If, where any matter is reported or referred to y. the registrar under this section, he considers that the Jasoda Dulal ’ case iS one in which a prosecution ought to beinsti- 4dhikari & tuted, he shall place the papers before the Advocate-. Another General or the public prosecutor and if advised todo ,, pur J. so institute proceedings : Provided that no prosecution shall be undertaken without first giving the accused person an opportunity of making a statement in writing to the registrar and of being heard thereon. Itwas this section which the appellants pressed in support of the argument that without the order of the Court the official liquidator cannot lodge.a criminal complaint against a past director and if he does so the proceedings will be ab initio void. All that sub-s. (1) requires is that if the Court finds in the course of winding up that any past or present director, etc., has been guilty of any offence in relation to the company the Court may either on the application of the person interested or of its own motion direct the liquidator to prosecute the offender or to refer the matter to the registrar. In the latter case if the registr&r finds that the prosecution ought to be instituted he can do so if advised by the Advocate-General or the public prosecutor. But emphasis was placed by counsel for the appellants on the proviso that no prosecution could be’ undertaken without first giving the accused person an opportunity of making a statement to the registrar or of being heard and it was urged that if the registrar cannot institute prosecution without first giving an opportunity to the person accused to file an explana- . tion, no directions could be given by the judge unless the persons accused are first allowed an opportunity of ° giving an explanation. But this contention must be repelled. Under s. 237 (1) the Court may direct the liquidator to himself prosecute thé offénder or- to refer the matter,to the registrar. Giving an oppor-, tunity to the offender before such direction is given by

1958 the Court is not a prerequisite of the Sudge making -— an order under sub-s. (1). Under sub-s. (6) the registrar Dr. Sailendra Nath . A . . Sinha & Another 38 Tequired to give the offender an opportunity to show v. cause before a prosecution is undertaken. That is a Jasoda Hiulut far step from saying that s. 237(1) of the Companies Adhikwié Act requires a Judge to give the offender an oppor- Another tunity before he gives a direction for prosecution by Kapur the liquidator or for reference to the registrar. apur fj.

It was further urged that under sub-s. (4) in the case of voluntary liquidation, the liquidator has to proceed after obtaining the sanction of the Court and therefore it was urged that the liquidator cannot institute criminal proceedings without such sanction in the case of winding up by the Court. Whatever may be the case of a liquidator under voluntary winding up sub-s. (1) of s. 237 makes no such provision in the case of compulsory liquidation. Our attention was drawn to some passages from the Indian Companies Act by Sircar & Sen, 1937 Edition. At page 624 it is stated that the object of the section is to provide against abuses and indiscriminate commencement of prosecutions and also for the first time a provision has been made under this section for prosecutions being conducted as crown prosecutions. In Aa passage at page 628 it is stated:

“ But before the Court can exercise its jurisdiction it must come to the conclusion that in the course of winding up the person intended to be charged under this section has been guilty of an offence in relation to the company for which he is criminally liable. But such @ finding is not to prejudice tho accused in any way in his trial. Per Chitty J. in re Charles Denham & Co. Ltd. L.T. 570 at 571.”

The procedure under s. 237(1) as stated in this book at the same page is as follows:

. “The application should be made on a petition verified by an affidavit in which materials must be set out sufficient to make out a prima facie case.

_ It is net quite settled as to whether the liquidator should make the application upon notice to any

*one. Generally the application shouhl be ex Parte, but the Court may*direct notice to be given to any person who is in its opinion entitled to be heard”.

These passages do not support the contention that before a prosecution can be validly instituted against a past director the sanction of the Court is necessary. Mr. €houdhuri then relied on an observatibn of Buckley J. In Re London and Globe Finance Corporation (') also quoted in Sircar & Sen’s book at page 628. There the principles guiding the Court in ordering prosecutions have been laid down as follows:

“JT have next to consider upon what principles I ought to exercise the power given me by s. 167 of the Companies Act, 1862, to direct the official receiver to institute and conduct a prosecution at the expense of the assets. It is obvious that no one legitimately can or ought to institute a criminal prosecution with a view to his personal profit. Neither should a prosecution be instituted from motives of vengeance against the offender. The motive of every prosecution ought to be to inflict punishment upon the criminal for the proper enforcement of the law and for the advantage of the State and with a view to deter others from doing the like ”. .

This passage does not support the giving of an opportunity to the offender before the Judge can give direction nor do they affect the powers of *the liquidator to start a prosecution or the criminal court to entertain a complaint when filed by the liquidator. The following passage from Buckley’s Company Law under the commentary under’ s. 334 of the English Companies Act, 1948, which corresponds to s. 237 of the Indian Companies Act was then referred to:

‘Proceedings will accordingly be taken by the Director of Public Prosecutions (or Lord Advocate) or not at all”.

But this is because of the peculiar and express language of s, 334 under which the Judge can only direct the liquidator to refer the matter to the Direc- tor of Public Prosecutions or to Lord Advocate as the case may be. In the English Act, special provision has been made fpr England saving the institution of (1) (1903) § Ch. 728, 733.

Dy. Sailendra Nath Sinha & Another v. jasoda Dutal Adhikari & Another

1958 criminal proceedings by private prosectitors. Merely Dy. Sailendra Norn COCAUSE NO such provisign has been made in regard to . Satlendra Nath « . . Sinka o& Anther SCOtland does not affect the argument. ¥ Mr. Choudhuri then relied on certain English cases Jasoda Dulat ealing with the mode of giving directions. In

Adukai& re Nofthern Counties Bank Limited(!) the Judge had dnother ordered the liquidator to ascertain by circular the wishes of the creditors and after they had appeared to oppose the starting of the prosecution, it was held (1) that it did not sufficiently appear that the offence had been committed and (2) that as 2/3 of the creditors opposed the application the prosecution should not be ordered as expenses will have to be paid from out of the money belonging to the creditors. The main question for decision in that case was whether tho prosecution should be at the cost and expense of the assets of the company but competency of the liquidator to file the complaint was not in dispute. Reference was then made to Palmer’s Company Precedents, 1952 Edition, Vol. JJ, again stating as to when leave to prosecute should be given but the law stated there dots not support the case for the appellants. At page 605 it is stated :

“The summons will be ex parte, and should Be supported by affidavit showing a strong case for prosecution, and also the extent of the assets and Jiabilities. The court is not willing when the assets are small, to sanction proceedings which may swallow up or largely reduce those assets”. The form at p. 607 does not show that pnder the English Companies Act when liberty is given to prosecute the person accused is heard. All that is required is that the court will make its order upon affidavits etc. filed before it and it can also order that the costs ° and charges incurred by the liquidator shall be paid out of the assets of the company.

It was next contended that although the language of s. 237 was not in the negative form still the effect of the words was that no prosecution could be instituted without the sanction of the Court being obtained by sthe liquidator. In support of the sybmissiog counsel

{1) (1883) 31 WR. 546 relied on ThaQueen v. Cubitt (1) which was a case under the Sea Fisheries Act. which created certain offences and by s. 11 provided’:

“The provisions of this Act...........00 shall be enforced by sea-fishery officers”, who are defined by that section and it was held that the effect of the words was that no one except the sea-fishery officer could prosecute an offence under the Act. But there are no such words of limitation in s. 237. In Taylor v. Taylor (*) the words of the statute were “entitled to the possession or the receipt of the rents and profits” and it was held that the order under the statute could only be made upon a petition which was within the words above quoted and if there was no such person no order could be made but that again was decided on the peculiar language of the statute. Counsel also relied on Nazir Ahmad v. Crown(°) where it was held that if the statute authorises the doing of an act in one way then it had to be done in¢hat way or not at all.

"The argument of Mr. Choudhuri really comes to this that the complaint filed on behalf of the official liquidator was incompetent in the absence of a direction under s. 237 or without complying with the procedure laid down in that section. Section 237(1) does not lay down any procedure for the giving of directions and the provisions in regard to the action taken by the registrar do not have any relevancy to what the court should do before it gives directions. English cases that have been cited do not go to the extent of saying that, no prosecution can be instituted without the sanction of the court. They deal with another subject and that is the circumstances in which the Judge would give directions for prosecution and would sanction the assets of the company to be expended in prosecution. Besides nowhere has it been stated that the coprt cannot give directions without first hearing the persons accused or that the directions of the Judge are a condition precedent tothe lawful institution of criminal proceedings by the liquidator. .

{1) (1889) 22 Q.B.D. 622. (2) (2875) 1 Ch. 426. (3) (1936) L.R. 63 ILA. 372, 38x.

Dr. Sailendra Nath Sinha & Another v. Jjasoda Dulal Adhikari & Another

1958 On the other hand it has been held tMat under s. 179

Dy. Sailemira Nath of the Indian Companies Act no sanction is re- Sinha & Another Guured for commencing’ a prosecution. In Jaswantrai v. Manilal Akhaney v. The State of Bombay (') at the in-

Jasoda Dulat stance of the official liquidator a report. was lodged Adhikari 5 with *the police against the Managing Directer of a

Another Bank and the police submitted a charge sheet to K the Magistrate. It was observed by Sinha J. at apur f. re - page 502:

“In terms the section lays down the powers of the official liquidator. Such a liquidator has to function under the directions of the court which is in charge of the liquidation proceedings. One of his powers is to institute prosecutions in the name and on behalf of the company under liquidation with the sanction of the court. This section does not purport to impose any limitations on the powers of a criminal court to entertain a criminal prosecution launched in the ordinary course under the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure ”. . .

It was also pointed out in this judgment that s. 179 contains no words corresponding to the language of Drug Control Order, 1943, which was held to be a condition precedent for instituting prosecution in the case of Basdeo Aggarwalla v. King Emperor (*) nor are there any prohibitory words like those that are contained in ss. 196 and 197 of the Criminal Procedure Code. In the former case no prosecution could be instituted without the previous sanction of the Provincial Government and the latter provides that “no court shall take cognizance............66 ”. There are two eases decided by two Indian High Courts which support the submission of the respondents’ counsel. In Emperor v. Bishan Sahai (*) it was held that the ° Companies Act nowhere provides that without the directions of a Judge no criminal prosecution can be instituted. In Mrityunjoy Chakracurti v. Provot Kumar Pal (‘), it was held that neither 5. 179 nor s. 237 indicates that if,the liquidator takes action without a

(1) [19561 S.C.R. 483. (2) [1945] F.C.R. 93. (3) LLL.R. (1937) All. 779. (4) ALR. 1953 Cal. 153.

direction of the Court this action would be illegal or invalid or it would invalidate a prosecution.

It would thus appear that both on the language o s. 237(1) as well as on precedent the complaint made by the liquidator against the appellants suffers from no such infirmity as to make the proceedings null and void. The section contains no such words which indicate that such a prosecution cannot be instituted by a liquidator without the sanction of the Judge or that the Court cannot take cognizance of a complaint without such sanction or direction. Section 179 as the learned Chief Justice of Calcutta High Court has rightly pointed out, deals with the powers of liquidators to institute or defend proceedings with the sanctign of the Court and s, 237(1) deals with the powers of the Court to give directions for prosecution of delinquent directors, ete.

It was further urged on behalf of the respondents that in the case before us there was a proper direction under s. 237(J). The judgment of the High Court shows that before the learned Judge gave a direction on July 22, 1952, there were before him proper materials and, therefore, his sanction was perfectly valid, legal and proper. Before thfs order made by Bannerji J. there was an order of Bachawat J. dated January 15, 1951, under s. 179 and, therefore, when the liquidator authorised his Assistant, respondent No. 1 to institute the proceedings he was entitled to do so. As we have said above even in the absence of such directions the legality of the criminal proceedings instituted* would not be affected.

Nothing that we have said in this judgment ntust be taken to be an expression of opinion which in any way affects the control by the Judge of proceedings in winding up or over the liquidators.

We would, therefore, dismiss this appeal.

° Appeal dismissed,

162 © ° fdr. Sailendra Nath

Sinha & Another v. jasoda Dulal Adhikari & Another